{"id":2804,"date":"2019-07-25T01:55:42","date_gmt":"2019-07-25T05:55:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.colinmackellar.com\/blog\/?page_id=2804"},"modified":"2020-11-22T17:26:10","modified_gmt":"2020-11-22T22:26:10","slug":"1-section-1","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.colinmackellar.com\/blog\/1-apollo-17-diary-of-the-12th-man\/b-chapters-10-18\/chapter-11-its-orange\/1-section-1\/","title":{"rendered":"a. Section 1"},"content":{"rendered":"

Chapter 11<\/strong><\/p>\n

It\u2019s Orange!<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"Panorama of Shorty Crater, Station 4, assembled from seven color-balanced frames taken by Gene Cernan on the east end of the south rim. Note the red streak on the interior crater wall at left, the long black ash streak left of center, and the two red splotches and black splotches below the rim boulder on the far wall at ~110 m distance. These features will be discussed in more detail in Section 2. (Derivative composite of NASA photos AS17-137-21005, -21000, -21001, -21002, -21003, -21004, and -21024. Copyright \u00a9 2018 by Tranquillity Enterprises, s.p. Courtesy of Tranquillity Enterprises, s.p.1<\/sup><\/span><\/strong>).<\/span><\/p>\n

Day 7 \u2013 Second Extravehicular Activity (EVA-2) [1<\/span>]<\/a>,<\/sup>[2<\/span>]<\/a>,<\/sup>[3<\/span>]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/a>
\nIntroduction<\/strong><\/p>\n

The second day of exploration may have been the most productive period of lunar explorations since Neil Armstrong spent 20 minutes sampling the area around Eagle<\/em> at Tranquillity Base. It included a long Rover traverse to the base of the South Massif and then several stations on the way back to the Challenger<\/em>. The samples collected provide new insights into all the major geological features of the valley of Taurus-Littrow\u2014 dark mantle regolith, light mantle avalanche deposits, impact-generated breccias at the base of the South Massif, pyroclastic ash deposits at Shorty Crater, and two major varieties of mare basalt lava.<\/p>\n

<\/a>EVA-2 Wakeup and Breakfast<\/strong><\/p>\n

On our second day on the Moon, I awakened to the sound of Richard Wagner\u2019s (\u201cRide of the Valkyries<\/em>\u201d<\/a><\/span>), a traditional, pre-final exams occurrence at Caltech where the music blared forth from every speaker in the Student Houses that could face the four large patios inside the complex of Student Houses. I immediately assumed that CapCom Gordon Fullerton, also in the Caltech Class of \u201857, instigated this familiar awaking. He had lived in Fleming House, a fierce sports rival of Dabney House where I resided. We actually began our freshman year in 1953 in the same 15 person academic section (Section J) only to be separated when Gordon showed his intellectual stripes during the first quarter and was moved into Section A. He had joined Air Force ROTC that ultimately led him into an outstanding test pilot career, assignment to the Manned Orbiting Laboratory Program, and then into the astronaut corps. Interesting how career paths diverge and then join once again.<\/p>\n

\u201cGood morning, Challenger<\/em>,\u201d Fullerton said calmly without giving anything away.<\/p>\n

Less certain about instigators of the \u201cRide of the Valkyries<\/em>\u201d in the MOCR, I said, \u201cSounded like Parker had the duty [of picking the wake-up music]\u2014 both monumental and epic.\u201d Although married at that time and not living on campus, Parker, also a Wagner fan, had been a Caltech student; but now I think he and Fullerton conspired on this choice of music.<\/p>\n

\u201cJack, that\u2019s supposed to take you back to Caltech final\u2019s week,\u201d admitted Fullerton.<\/p>\n

\u201cDum de dum, dum\u2026 Dum de dum, dum, DUM!\u201d (the first bars of the introductory theme music from the American TV series, \u201cDragnet<\/em><\/span>\u201d<\/a>, starring Jack Webb), I replied. \u201cHow\u2019s everything look, Gordy?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cCouldn\u2019t look better. How\u2019s it look to you?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWell, it\u2019s nice to have rested some.\u201d<\/p>\n

“<\/em>Rog. I\u2019m sure of that.\u201d Sleeping in one-sixth gravity on the Moon came much more naturally than sleeping in zero gravity. The gravity and the hammocks gave just enough pressure to feel like a bed but not so much pressure that I felt the need to turn over. I would sleep on my back for a couple of hours, wake up and listen to be sure that all the spacecraft pumps and fans sounded normal, check the Caution and Warning panel, and then go back to sleep. In the sense of the welcome sounds of systems that make a spacecraft habitable, space is not \u201csilent\u201d as some astronauts often alleged.<\/p>\n

About five hours of total sleep left me feeling rested versus my usual sleep on Earth of about seven or eight hours. My tiredness at the end of the previous day probably was more mental than physical. Most importantly, my forearms now felt normal, again. This rapid recovery probably resulted from the fact that I had fatigued the muscles, that is, used up their stored energy; but I had not suffered lactic acid induced tissue damage. Improved blood circulation in one-sixth gravity appears to remove these metabolic toxins rapidly from muscle tissue.<\/p>\n

\u201cHow do our consumables look today?\u201d I asked, quietly, having already scanned the Caution and Warning panel. As expected, only the yellow Caution light for intentionally disabled PRE AMPS (ATTITUDE CONTROL JETS PRE-AMPlifiers) remained illuminated. On the other hand, we would not be able to detect very slow changes in consumables that might indicate to Mission Control that we had an abnormal decline of oxygen, water, helium pressure, or rocket fuel or oxidizer.<\/p>\n

\u201cThey look good, as expected,\u201d Fullerton replied. \u201cRight on.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYou awake, Gene?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cGene, can you reach the Urine Line Heater circuit breaker from the hammock? I can get the switch from underneath.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cGot it.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cI don\u2019t see any changes on the quantity gauges and Gordy says that everything looks normal too down there.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cSounds good.\u201d<\/span> I had the \u201cwatch\u201d responsibility to monitor the communications uplink during the rest period, so Cernan did not yet have his Snoopy Cap (with the built-in earphones) on and had not heard my brief conversation with Fullerton.<\/p>\n

\u201cHow\u2019d you sleep?\u201d<\/span> I enquired, having noticed he seemed restless at times during the night.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cIf you are ready to get going, I\u2019ll stand up and unhook my hammock so you have more room to maneuver.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah. Let\u2019s get going. It\u2019s going to be a busy day.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Cernan and I unhooked and stowed the hammocks and their restraints, with me commenting to Fullerton, \u201cBe through in a jiffy,\u201d as I completed my morning urination. Fortunately, our low residue diet actually succeeded in eliminating bowel movements during our stay on the Moon.<\/p>\n

\u201cStow your sleep restraint up there\u2026? I mean, your hammock\u2026 Either way. I\u2019ll stuff all mine in this compartment here, if you\u2019ll just get yours in there. Otherwise, we can rearrange it. See how it looks first.\u201d<\/span> We tried to keep loose items stowed in their assigned places to maintain control of the cabin so as to be prepared for any emergency liftoff. We had placed several things behind elastic netting attached around the cabin that served for temporary storage.<\/p>\n

\u201cGordy, you guys held comm pretty well last night,\u201d I said after a couple of minutes. \u201cI only remember one break.\u201d If the uplink carrier frequency lost lock, I would hear static in my Snoopy Cap earphones.<\/p>\n

\u201cRoger, Jack.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201c[I\u2019ll] take you off biomed for a minute. \u2026PREAMP\u2019s light is on, like it\u2019s supposed to [be]\u2026 Well, how about it, Gordy?\u201d I asked. \u201cAre we Stay or No Stay for EVA-2 prep?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYou\u2019re Stay. Never any doubt.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cThank you, sir\u2026\u201d Then I told Cernan that I was \u201cpreparing to give Fullerton a Crew Status report. [Did you] take any medication?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cNo,\u201d<\/span> Cernan replied.<\/p>\n

\u201cHow much sleep did you get?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cAbout six hours, tell them.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

I am not sure Cernan slept this much, as he continued to fret over the fender he broke.<\/p>\n

\u201c[Also, I need to] report the food from yesterday\u2026\u201d<\/span> \u201cOkay, Gordy. [Crew] status report is excellent. No medication for either one of us. CDR slept 6 hours pretty good; I slept 6 hours intermittent, but generally good.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, Jack.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cAnd we\u2019ve eaten well, I think. The food\u2019s a little bit confused since we had our little minor [food stowage] \u2018explosion\u2019 in the cabin, but I think you could say it\u2019s good. We\u2019ve had a lot to drink, a lot of juices. We ate the frankfurters. We\u2019re-sharing a lot of the stuff because it\u2019s not symmetrically packed [anymore]. If you want more details, it will take time. \u2026And, Gordy, we did not eat the corn chowder.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cRoger. You did not eat the corn chowder, but most everything else on the menu. Is that right?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, we got just about everything else. We go into\u2026maybe mixed up two meals, but essentially meal B and C for yesterday were eaten, except for the corn chowder.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, Jack. \u2026We\u2019re wondering if you could come up with a quantitative estimate on the water you\u2019ve each drunk and also your PRD (Personal Radiation Dosimeter) readings.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cStand by, Gordy. That (water estimate) may be difficult\u2026 Yeah, we\u2019ll get the PRD a little bit later when we start suiting up.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah; okay. That\u2019ll be fine. My mistake.\u201d Actually, the Flight Surgeon made the mistake of asking Fullerton for something that would come later as a matter of course.<\/p>\n

\u201cHey, Gordy,\u201d Cernan jumped in, having put on his Snoopy Cap, \u201con this water [issue]. We saturated ourselves before we went out. I finished my [suit] drink bag out in the suit on the surface. Jack finished about better than three-quarters of his. We\u2019ve had water and tea and then the juice, and we have been drinking water constantly, post-EVA. And to give you a quantity is almost impossible.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay; that\u2019s fine.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cIf the water\u2019s down, it\u2019s probably because we\u2019ve been drinking it.\u201d I am suggesting that they can estimate how much we drank better than we can. \u201cAnd I\u2019m ready for your lift-off PAD data.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. For [CSM] rev 26, lift-off time is 138:40:15; 27 is 140:38:49; (28 is) 142:37:22; 144:35:55; 146:34:29; 148:33:03. And the last one, rev 32, is 150:31:37. Go ahead [with a readback].\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay; rev 26. Is that the first one (orbit), Gordy?\u201d Always good to be absolutely sure which orbit started the sequence of liftoff times.<\/p>\n

\u201cThat\u2019s affirm.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. Rev 26 is 138:40:15; 140:38:49; 142:37:22; 144:35:55; 146:34:29; 148:33:03; 150:31:37. And what\u2019s our present rev?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay; I\u2019ll have to check that myself. \u2026We\u2019re on rev 25. He\u2019s (Evans) about three-quarters of the way across the front side. Coming up backside will start 26.\u201d Each rev started at the point over the farside where we had entered lunar orbit.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkey-doke.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cAnd, for your information, he\u2019s running the VHF Sounder, and it\u2019s working fine.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cThat\u2019s good to hear.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cBy the way, good morning, Gordy,\u201d Cernan said.<\/p>\n

\u201cGood morning, Commander.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cHow does America<\/em> itself look?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cJust as good as ever. [He\u2019s] ahead on the consumables [and] no problem on the spacecraft systems. [There\u2019re] only minor funnies in the SIM (Scientific Instrument Module) Bay, but even it is almost 100 percent [on line].\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cAnd I guess from\u2026I didn\u2019t hear your comment, but I assume Challenger\u2019s<\/em> the same way.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cThat\u2019s affirm. That\u2019s the way it looks here, anyway\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWhen you are through waking up, why don\u2019t you grab some breakfast packs?\u201d,<\/span> I suggested.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

After a few minutes, Fullerton called, \u201cChallenger<\/em>, Houston. We\u2019ve been working, while you\u2019ve been sleeping, on a fix for the missing fender. John Young has been over working it out in the suit with the mock-up Rover, and we have about probably 5 to 10 minutes worth of words on how you [might] want to go about [doing] that. Whenever you have that much time to listen\u2014 it\u2019ll be mostly listening on your part\u2014 let us know.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, Gordy. Will do.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWhat is the problem with the water?\u201d<\/span> Cernan asked me as he pulled out breakfast packages, now stuffed haphazardly<\/span> back in their compartment.<\/p>\n

\u201cI am not sure. Every thing looks good on our gauges. \u2026I guess they are having trouble tracking our drinking and food prep.\u201d<\/span> A couple of minutes later, I called Fullerton. \u201cGordy, you\u2019ve implied that we may be a little behind on water [use]. Is that correct?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cNo. That\u2019s not the problem, Jack. I think our concern was more that you were taking enough onboard internally\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOur water?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cThat\u2019s right. [We wanted to be sure] that you were drinking enough. That\u2019s what we were worried about.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay; we\u2019ll keep pushing it! \u2026What do we have for breakfast over there?\u201d<\/span> I asked Cernan.<\/p>\n

\u201cI have scrambled eggs, peaches, peanut butter and jelly bread, and most importantly bacon squares. \u2026Lets see. \u2026 Looks like you have the same,\u201d<\/span> replied Cernan.<\/p>\n

\u201cAnd cold scrambled eggs,\u201d I added, inadvertently keying my mike while thinking how nice it would be to have hot water in Challenger<\/em> like we had in America<\/em>. \u201cI think that the orange drink and the cocoa both have potassium added. I think I will just drink water. The last thing I need is Young-Duke diarrhea during the EVA.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

[Too much potassium in the diet gave both John Young and Charlie Duke bad diarrhea on Apollo 16. NASA and its medical advisors had reacted erroneously to Jim Irwin\u2019s post-rendezvous heart episode on Apollo 15, thinking it was due to a potassium deficiency rather than an inherent heart problem that many years later took Irwin\u2019s life. I argued successfully for lower doses in our diet; but I still did not want to take any chances.]<\/p>\n

\u201cGordy, we\u2019re going to start to eat here,\u201d Cernan reported. \u201cWhy don\u2019t you talk to us about that fender?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay; let me round up John Young. He stepped out for a second. We\u2019ll have him here in a minute. Might as well let the resident expert on fenders talk. \u2026Okay; I\u2019ll now turn the microphone over to Captain Young.\u201d On Apollo 16, Young had broken a fender off his Rover, and had a good perspective on how serious the problem would be without a fix. As mentioned previously, however, Support Team member, Terry Neal, had done the real work of working out a fix.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cHey, Geno. This is John. We spent\u2026\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cHello, John,\u201d Cernan interrupted. \u201cHow you doing?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOh, just fine. You guys are doing a superb job; really beautiful. \u2026Hey, we spent some time on this fender problem and worked out a pretty simple-minded procedure, which involves essentially taking four of those [backup] chronopaque pages out of your lunar surface maps\u2014 ones which are not going to be used for discussing the site\u2014 taping them together with gray [duct] tape so that you end up with a piece of paper about 15 inches by 10-1\/2 inches, and then using the AOT (Alignment Optical Telescope) lamp clamps, pre-position them full opened, taking them out [in the ETB], taking that piece of paper out [of the ETB], laying it on top of the fender guide rails, and clamping the edges of it with the AOT lamp clamps. It\u2019s simple and straightforward, and the beauty of it is you\u2019re only spending about 2 minutes in the clamping operation, and it could save you up to about 12 [minutes of] dusting, I think maybe. \u2026What do you think?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

I really felt justified in not worrying about Mission Control being able to come up with a fix. We no longer needed the stiff, chronopaque maps Young mentioned. They covered areas away from the prime-landing site in case Cernan had landed so far off target that new traverses would need to be planned.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, John,\u201d Cernan replied, but probably not realizing that detailed procedures were ready, he said, \u201cI think we ought to try something; because you told me [about the dust problem after Apollo 16], but I guess you can\u2019t appreciate it until you see it happen yourself. That dust\u2014 without that fender\u2014 is just almost unacceptable. This sounds pretty good. How do you want those things taped together?\u201d I am sure that we would have still done the planned EVAs without a fix; however, timelines would have been adjusted to account for a lot more dusting of the battery covers and LCRU.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYou just take four pages and allow. \u2026Well, I\u2019ve got the detailed procedures here, if you\u2019re ready to copy. Over.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

I shook my head and pointed to our breakfast.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWell, no. I\u2019m not ready to copy yet, but what do you do? Tape the four squares into a bigger square about 16 by 20?\u201d It is clear that Cernan had not listened to Young very carefully.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah. Allow about an inch of overlap, and tape both sides of them. \u2026And then you get the AOT clamps off the utility lights and open the clamp jaws to max. And you stow the clamps, and you roll up the paper. \u2026Roll up your [new] fender short-wise and put a gray (tape) tab over that and stow it in the ETB. You got both the clamps and the paper fender in the ETB. \u2026And then when you get out to the Rover, you lay the edge of your fender over the inboard guide rail and clamp it, and then you lay the other edge of the sheet over the outboard rail and clamp it. And the only thing you really have to worry about is making sure that the inboard clamp is right over the shock strut so that you don\u2019t get any interference with the LRV structure when you turn the wheels.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, that\u2019s the type of thing I was going to ask about,\u201d Cernan added, \u201csome of those subtle points. There really should be quite a ways\u2026 Well, I\u2019ll look at it. \u2026But almost vertical over the hub, right?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, on the inboard one,\u201d replied Young. \u201cOn the outboard one, if you put it a little further back aft on the wheel, it allows you to give your paper fender a little more rigidity.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cAnd you just say [to] lay them over the guide rails (and) sort of\u2026so the clamps are also over the guide rails.\u201d These \u201cguide rails\u201d are about a quarter of an inch wide and thick enough to give the clamps a good hold on the remaining fender. \u201cAnd not try and align the makeshift fender in the guide rails itself, huh?\u201d Where Cernan got this idea, I don\u2019t know. He may have felt like he needed to show that he knew as much as Young and his team did about how to fix the fender.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cNo. Just clamp the thing right to the rails. Just allow a little overlap, and clamp that rascal right down. And I know you can tighten those clamps down so good it\u2019ll never get loose!\u201d Young said with a laugh. \u201cI know you can do it if I can do it.\u201d Cernan\u2019s large hands gave him a very strong grip.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, John. I think I know what you\u2019re talking about,\u201d Cernan replied, \u201cand I\u2019d sure like to give it a stab. The only hooker is [that] I hope that tape holds the fenders together well enough\u2026those pieces well enough.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cRoger,\u201d Young confirmed. \u201cOne of the things\u2014 when you\u2019re taping the pages together\u2014 that you want to be careful of is that you make sure and get the air bubbles out so when you get in the vacuum, it doesn\u2019t open up by itself. And maybe you can put an [taped] X across there (the joint) to make sure that, if you get any separation, it\u2019s still held together pretty good. We think the tape will work because back about in [Apollo] 13, we were using it just sort of incidentally in the thermal vacuum chamber, and it worked okay there for some reason.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cIt would seem to stick on the surface okay\u2014 if I could find a dust-free spot\u2014 when I put that other fender on earlier,\u201d recalled Cernan about his original attempt to fix the fender.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, I agree,\u201d replied Young.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cAs far as how much of the new fender to overlap on the present fender, just make it about symmetrical with the other side (that is, the undamaged, left-rear fender), and that probably ought to give me plenty of overlap, huh?\u201d Cernan had begun to complicate what sounded like a fairly straightforward procedure.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWell, are you talking about over the dovetail part of it,\u201d Young asked, \u201cor are you talking about off the aft end of the vehicle?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019m talking about the present fender that\u2019s on there, the aft end of that [right rear] fender. About how much overlap do you want with this makeshift fender? Just give me an idea. I think I could figure out when I get there, but I\u2019d rather have your feelings before I do.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWe think if you get it out about 4 inches past [the end of] that fender\u2026 You understand what this looks like when you get it put on the fender. It just looks like sort of a roll, and you end up with a sort of a straight fender right at the back end of the Rover. A sort of a straight\u2026about half a pipe straight out there. And, if you get it out 4 or 5 inches, that will keep the dust from coming back over the vehicle.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah. That would be about 4 or 5 inches. Great.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYes, it\u2019s just sort of like a horizontal fender, like on an old automobile.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

I had been listening and trying to adsorb what Young had worked out. Speaking to Cernan, I said, \u201cI thought I understood what he was talking about. Pipe\u2026\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cSay again, Geno.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cHey, John. This is Jack. Did you say \u201cpipe\u201d there a minute ago? P-i-p-e?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, but it doesn\u2019t roll up into a circle; it\u2019s sort of a\u2026a hemisphere. I mean it\u2019s half of one.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOh, okay. I thought I was with you until you said \u201cpipe\u201d, and then you lost me. Okay. I think I understand, too.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYou know the problem I have with communications.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cHey, thank you, babe,\u201d Cernan said. \u201cWe\u2019ll give it a try. We can get something to work.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

The imagination and motivation of the Support Team always amazed me. Taking inventory of what we had onboard, it seemed that, in just a few hours, they had thought of and tested everything about the fix. I think Cernan had worried about his screw-up during the night, but I don\u2019t remember ever giving it a thought after knowing they were working on it. Unlike most of the other astronauts, I had spent a lot of time, professional and social, with the Flight Controllers and their support teams. Indeed, during other missions, I had participated in solving problems as they arose. I was confident that they would give us a good solution.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay,\u201d Young concluded. \u201cAnd we can watch you on the tube (TV) and make recommendations. I think you\u2019ve got the idea of it. You know Terry Neal thought of these AOT clamps; and that\u2019s a great idea because you can clamp those things on that old dovetail [of the rail] \u2026You can put [such] a force on there that those chronopaque pages will never get loose.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah,\u201d Cernan agreed. \u201cThose other clamps I was thinking about\u2014 paper clip-type clamps\u2014 would never hack it.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWe tried that,\u201d Young replied. \u201cThey just don\u2019t have the push.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cSounds good, babe; appreciate it.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. We\u2019ve got a detailed procedure here if you want to copy it; just in case.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah. Stand by one, though.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay\u2026\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

While we ate breakfast, Cernan continued to worry about and discuss with Fullerton where he thought we had landed. This continued to be a waste of time for two reasons: first, the photographs would eventually show exactly where we were, and second, we were close enough to the pre-mission plan that it would not make any difference to the traverse objectives of EVA-2 and EVA-3. He eventually admitted that it was a matter of pride to know immediately where we had landed even though he used up valuable time trying to figure it out.[4<\/span><\/strong>]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u201cGordy, while we\u2019re eating, have you got a short synopsis of the news?\u201d Cernan asked.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah. Sure do. Stand by one. \u2026We\u2019d like Biomed, Left, please.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI don\u2019t have any sensors on, Gordy. \u2026You have to wait until I start putting my suit on\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. As you might have expected, front pages around the country are headlining last night\u2019s EVA with photographs taken from TV monitors showing you and Jack going about your tasks. I might add that the TV camera is really spectacular. It couldn\u2019t have been a clearer or more beautiful picture, both for fidelity and color\u2026\u201d Unfortunately, NASA was unable to preserve the original recording film, so this clarity has never been reproduced.<\/p>\n

\u201cIn other news, South Vietnam\u2019s President Thieu has suggested that all prisoners of war be released before Christmas. He has also asked that all Vietnamese parties be included in peace negotiations. South Vietnam and the Viet Cong are now not directly represented in the secret talks now under way in Paris [between North Vietnam and the United States]. Meanwhile, [U.S. Secretary of State Henry] Kissinger met for more than 4 hours yesterday with Hanoi representative Le Duc Tho. The two negotiators are expected to meet again this afternoon.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThe former President, Harry Truman, is still resting quietly, although his condition remains serious according to his doctors. American poet Mark van Doren died at the age of 78. He was a professor of literature at Columbia and a winner of the 1940 Pulitzer Prize for his poetry.<\/span><\/p>\n

President Nixon announced yesterday that he wants to extend wage\/price controls beyond the scheduled April 30 expiration date. He also plans to freeze new hiring, promotions, and pay increases for executives of the Federal Government, which doesn\u2019t affect us, I guess.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cHow about me?\u201d I asked facetiously as Fullerton, by use of \u201cus\u201d, was referring to military personnel. Ignoring me, Fullerton continued.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe Republican National Committee has a new chairman\u2014 George H. W. Bush of Houston\u2014 who is now Ambassador to the United Nations. He will continue his UN post through the present session of the General Assembly. Both national political parties are now headed by Texans. As you recall, Robert Strauss of Dallas became Chairman of the Democratic National Committee last Saturday.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

[In a later life, I worked with both these gentlemen: George H. W. Bush in 1981-82, while he was Vice-President, and I was United States Senator from New Mexico working on regulatory reform, and Robert Strauss in 1989, when we both were members of then President Bush\u2019s Government Ethics Commission.]<\/p>\n

\u201cAnd Jack, I\u2019m sorry to say that you\u2019ve been replaced. The Nimbus 5 weather satellite is now operating in orbit after its launch from Vandenberg early Monday morning.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cCan it talk?\u201d I rebutted but again was ignored.<\/p>\n

\u201cJoe Namath tried mightily to lead the Jets to the play-offs, but the Oakland Raiders grounded the Jets in the fourth quarter, 24 to 16. I think you have already heard that score. Namath passed more than 400 yards, but New York only scored one touchdown.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cAnd the last item concerns the Houston weather. There\u2019s been two kinds of weather since you all left us: that\u2019s cold and light rain and cold and heavy rain, and it\u2019s still doing it. Fog and drizzly rain are here now, and we\u2019re only supposed to get up to the mid-40\u2019s (Fahrenheit) and probably down to 32 tonight. Over.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cHoly Smoley!\u201d Cernan exclaimed. \u201cThat doesn\u2019t sound too good on the weather. I\u2019m going to take a look; right here up the overhead window\u2026Gordy, you\u2019re right. There\u2019s a band of clouds that comes right up the coast of Mexico. Looks like it covers most of the Gulf [of Mexico] and then gets very dense as it comes up into the Texas area and southeastern part of the United States with a counter-clockwise rotation which gets very dense down over the Atlantic, I believe, off the southern east coast of the (United) States. And, from about, oh, I\u2019m guessing, maybe the center of Texas straight north and straight east, it looks like the whole country\u2019s clobbered. \u2026Baja (California) looks nice; west coast of Mexico looks nice.<\/span> \u2026And (at) Taurus-Littrow, the weather\u2019s great.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cHey, Houston, Challenger<\/em>,\u201d I called, while continuing to eat breakfast.<\/p>\n

\u201cGo ahead.<\/p>\n

\u201cRoger. Gordy, how\u2019s the ALSEP doing? And, in that light, I hope you people will take as close a look as you can at the signal strength and its variation and see if you get some idea whether, when I go after the neutron flux tomorrow, if I ought to work on that antenna alignment again. I\u2019m still a little bit concerned about it.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, Jack. We\u2019ll consider that; although, they\u2019ve been getting good performance out of the Central Station, as I understand. A couple of problems with the experiments [exist]. One was the LEAM (Lunar Ejecta and Meteorites) data isn\u2019t synching up like it should. I\u2019ll have to get a further, more complete story on that. And we\u2019re thinking that\u2019s\u2026mostly a ground software problem.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019m joking!\u201d I interrupted, not really wanting to go back to the ALSEP. Little did I know what was in store.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThe other one (problem),\u201d continued Fullerton, \u201cis the LSG (Lunar Surface Gravimeter \u2013 actually a long period seismometer designed to be a gravity wave detector) isn\u2019t leveling up properly. We\u2019ll cover this further in the planning briefing for the EVA here; but we\u2019re probably going to let you off. \u2026I mean, have Geno let Jack off [the Rover] at the ALSEP and take another look at the leveling on the LSG. That\u2019ll be at the end of the EVA[-2].\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

This statement about the LSG was the first hint of a problem that eventually would cost me at least half an hour of exploration time. The LSG experimenters first assumed, I guess understandably, that I had not deployed the instrument properly. On the other hand, I had kept them informed throughout the deployment, so they should have worried that it was some internal problem.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cRoger,\u201d I replied. \u201cI may just run out there and let Gene pick me up after we, \u2026well, while he fixes the fender\u2026maybe. We\u2019ll work that out, Gordy. I\u2019m joking, but maybe I could go kick the LEAM; that might help it.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cLet\u2019s make sure we\u2019ve got all our problems solved down here before you do that,\u201d Fullerton said.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay.\u201d As I continued to eat breakfast, I used the Leitz monocular to examine some of the visible mountain slopes. \u201cHey, [looking at] Family Mountain, [particularly] the northeast facing slope, although lower [than other slopes], has boulders and outcrops, \u2026I mean, \u2026belay the [use of] \u2018outcrop\u2019.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

[Using the term \u201coutcrop\u201d constituted bad form for a field geologist, not having the opportunity to examine whether or not an exposure of rock remained attached to bedrock or not. Without a close-up look, it would be difficult to tell if the boulders had been broken off bedrock and transported some distance from a bedrock source. I later began using the term \u201csource-crop\u201d when evidence existed, such as structural alignment, that visible boulders exposed at the surface came from a bedrock source.]<\/span><\/p>\n

I tried again. \u201cIt (the mountain slope) has boulders [rolled] from local block concentrations. [It] looks very much like the South Massif [slope] does.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cRoger,\u201d replied Fullerton.<\/p>\n

[Future studies of false color images produced from the United States supplied Moon Mineralogy Mapper<\/span>[5<\/strong><\/span>]<\/a><\/sup> flown on India\u2019s 2012 Chandrayaan-1 lunar orbit spacecraft suggest that rocks similar to those of the Sculptured Hills make up Family Mountain as well as Bear Mountain to the east of the landing site. Such rocks probably also lie below the basalt that partially fills the valley, giving a very irregular, knobby, Sculptured Hills-like topography on the pre-basalt floor.]<\/span><\/p>\n

Clearing my throat, I told Cernan, \u201cThe old sinuses are [stuffed up].\u201d<\/span> My reaction to the lunar dust continued, even though the LiOH filters had completely cleared the cabin air. \u201cI am surprised that my nasal turbinates are reacting this way.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cIs it getting worse? Cernan asked.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cNo, I don\u2019t think so.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cDo you want my peaches,\u201d he offered.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019ve about filled up, I think.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201c[I have some extra] chocolate?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cNo, I\u2019ve had two,\u201d<\/span> I replied. \u201cBy the way, don\u2019t let me hold a seismic charge with my hands while we are driving, today. That was a major mistake on my part, yesterday.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWilco\u2026 Let me use the monocular.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cHey, Gordo\u201d, Cernan began, \u201cWe\u2019re still eating, but let me give you a few observations. That outcrop I talked about (before the first EVA) that was way at the top of the South Massif at the break of slope\u2014 at the very top of the break in slope\u2014 \u2026almost looks\u2026it\u2019s hard to tell that it\u2019s an in-place outcrop up there. It\u2019s hard to convince myself that it is. It looks like there\u2019s some very large, 3 to 4-meter rocks up there and a lot of smaller fragments. I\u2019ve seen that type of thing in a number of places over the South Massif. However, I\u2026do see\u2026they also\u2026they seem to be sitting on top of the South Massif surface, but I do see one other [boulder] area that it looks like there is a\u2026 It is protruding from within some kind of mantle on the South Massif, so conceivably some of that could be in place (outcrop). An additional impression I got is\u2026is that, at least with the monocular, that those boulders look much more angular than what we\u2019ve seen here [near the LM] and, for the most part, they appear to be\u2014 if covered at all\u2014 very little [covered] by mantle except for the one I just mentioned.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201c<\/strong>And, Gordy,\u201d I joined in, \u201cthrough the monocular, in contrast to the tan-gray of the South Massif, those large blocks up there look blue\u2014 fairly distinctly blue-gray\u2014 not unlike, [as] Gene mentioned yesterday, [how] anorthosites look in certain terrestrial environments.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

[Anorthosites on Earth tend to be white to blue-gray rocks that consist largely of the low sodium varieties of the mineral plagioclase (anorthite\u201d) a calcium-aluminum silicate. We did not have strong expectations of finding large masses of anorthosite in the massifs of Taurus-Littrow as they appeared to be made up of the extensive ejecta blankets of melt-breccias from several large basin-forming events, the last three largest, Crisum, Serenitatis and Imbrium, and possibly Tranquillitatis (some questions exist about this being an impact basin), created craters 700 to over a 1000 km in diameter. The blue-gray color of some of the boulder concentrations on the South Massif, nonetheless, at this point raised the possibility that we might encounter large blocks of anorthosite at Stations 2, 6 and 7, located at the base of the massif walls of the valley. The first boulder we would sample at the base of the South Massif, however, opened up other possibilities (see Station 2, below<\/em>\u2193<\/a>). These boulder fields also have been imaged in high resolution by the Narrow Angle Camera (NAC) on the Lunar Reconniasance Orbiter (LRO) and may be incorporated in a mass of impact melt draped over the crest and upper slope of the South Massif (LROC image M1266925685). ]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cAnd, Gordy,\u201d continued Cernan, now thinking about how we would navigate to the base of the South Massif, \u201cnow that I get my three-dimensional eyeballs working, I can look up on the Scarp out to 9 and 10 o\u2019clock (means 11 to 12 o\u2019clock). It\u2019s practically the same [tan-gray] color as the South Massif. It just looks to be very undulating; I see no outcrops evident from here. I think I can just about see where Hole-in-the-Wall is but it\u2019s so subtle that I can\u2019t really tell you much about it. And the local terrain\u2014 which I think is the southern rim of Camelot\u2014 just about blanks out where Hole-in-the-Wall should be. Just about covers it up. But what I can see is a small little saddle through our local horizon here in front of us. \u2026I can see out there just about\u2014 oh, I\u2019d say\u2014 100 meters or so to the south of Hole-in-the-Wall. And it just looks like a subtle, undulating slope. We can\u2019t really tell too much about the steepness from here.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cPart of the problem, Gene, may be that the scarp is at zero phase from here and topo details are washed out.\u201d<\/span> Cernan was looking almost directly down sun so that variations in detailed topography were washed out by backscattered sunlight.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, you are right. We will have to get closer to really find Hole-in-the-Wall.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cI wonder it it might be just to the left of the rim of Camelot.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cMay be.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cHole-in-the-Wall\u201d refers to a north-south ramp-like portion of the Lee-Lincoln Scarp, with lower slopes than elsewhere that we planned to use in our climb up the scarp on the way to Station 2. I chose the name \u201cHole-in-the-Wall\u201d to commemorate part of the country\u2019s Western Heritage that referred to remote and partially hidden canyons where outlaws hid out at various times.<\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.1. <\/strong>A pre-flight estimate of the appearance of the horizon from the LM from a 1972 Bell Laboratories Memo described in the Apollo Lunar Surface Journal<\/em> (ALSJ<\/em>). The area marked \u201cAccess Region\u201d to the scarp was later re-named \u201cHole-in-the-Wall\u201d as explained in text. (From the ALSJ<\/em><\/a><\/span><\/strong>).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, Geno, we\u2026\u201d Fullerton hesitated. \u201cStandby one\u2026 Okay. I had something for you but we just decided to cancel the call. Although when you do get out the Prep-and-Post Card, I have one write-in for you. So just holler when it\u2019s handy.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. We\u2019re wrapping up our eating and drinking here now, Gordy. We\u2019ll be ready to go in a minute.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay.\u201d At this point, relative to the original flight plan, we are about an hour behind. Although this would not turnout to be significant in our total EVA time, a good part of the time loss can be attributed to Cernan\u2019s continued pre-occupation with determining exactly where we had landed.<\/p>\n

\u201cI wonder if we have more of that salve for my hands,\u201d Cernan asked.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cI think there is another tube in the Hygiene Kit,\u201d<\/span> I replied, \u201cif I can remember where that is stowed. I also want to use more stuff on my lips, today.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cGordy. Challenger<\/em>,\u201d I called. \u201cCould you ask somebody there in the FAO (Flight Activity Officer) console where the hygiene kit is stowed?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. Will do. \u2026Jack, \u2026take a look on the right-hand-side stowage compartment, there, on the forward lower corner under the LEC kit compartment.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cGordy. You broke up with a [transmitting antenna] changeover or something. Say again\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, Jack. You\u2019re right; I got caught right in the middle of a site handover. Look on the right-hand side stowage compartment, forward lower corner, under the LEC kit compartment.\u201d That compartment is just under my right hand controller.<\/p>\n

\u201cFantastic! You picked the one place I\u2019d never looked.\u201d<\/p>\n

[No matter how many hours you spend in simulators, you loose track of the many stowage compartments. On the other hand, most of those hours covered operations during critical mission phases\u2014 landing, ascent, rendezvous, etc.\u2014 and relatively little on the mundane issue of cabin stowage. All crews insisted on at least one run-through in the cabin with the flight hardware just to be sure there were no surprises with something they had never seen before or something that did not fit or work as expected. These exercises were known as \u201cCrew Compartment Fit and Function (CCFF) checks\u201d or C-squared\/F-squared or CF-squared. Still, memory fails when there is a lot going on.]<\/p>\n

\u201cHouston. Challenger<\/em>,\u201d I called again.<\/p>\n

\u201cGo ahead.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOne quick thought about the [Surface] Gravimeter (the LSG). And I\u2019m sure it\u2019s been mentioned, but I\u2019ll say it. During the CF-squared, we asked about that bundle of wires that has contact with the [internal] gimbal. And when I deployed it, that bundle still had contact with the gimbal and everybody at the CF-squared said that was okay. But, you might think about it. I don\u2019t know what I could do to help if that is the problem. But that might be causing the problem here that it wouldn\u2019t cause on Earth.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, Jack. I\u2019ll make sure the experts hear that\u2026\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cGordy, everything okay at home today?\u201d<\/p>\n

Missing Cernan\u2019s point, Fullerton answered, \u201cYeah, everything is fine here.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWell, thank you,\u201d Cernan countered, sarcastically<\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019m not sure I copy your question precisely. Haven\u2019t talked to your home today, at all.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. Don\u2019t worry about it. I just thought you might have heard. \u2026Well, if you hear, Gordy, just tell them they\u2019re missed.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay; I\u2019ll sure do that\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cGordy, has anybody heard from Tucson recently?\u201d I queried.<\/p>\n

\u201cCheck on that, Jack. Just a minute\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cAnd, Gordy, if you have any updates to the EVA-2 checklist (Cuff Checklist), give me a yell.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, the update I do have, \u2026I think, [with] the EVA checklist changes [we have], we\u2019ll just call you, real time. But, I do have one for the [EVA] Prep Card\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cGo ahead,\u201d I responded after grabbing the EVA Prep cue card and a pen.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. On the front side there, middle column, lower half at \u2018138:45 OPS Connect\u2019, halfway down, it says \u2018Install Purge Valve in PGA, red to red\u2019. Mark that \u2018LMP serial number 211 [and] CDR, 208\u2019. This is to maximize the OPS operation, should you have to use it.\u201d We had removed the purge valves from the suits at the end of EVA-1 and would re-install them as we suited up. Each purge valve would have a slightly different flow rate and the EMU guys wanted to optimize them for each OPS pressure bottle, my OPS having a higher than expected pressure.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. Give me the numbers again, please.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cLMP, 211; CDR, 208.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI take it those are serial numbers.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cThat\u2019s right, the serial numbers on the purge valves.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, Challenger<\/em>. This is Houston. Would you like to have a little update on the EVA plans?\u201d Parker took over the Capcom duties.<\/p>\n

\u201cDo you want me to take notes?\u201d I asked.<\/p>\n

\u201cNo, I don\u2019t think there are essentially any notes required. I\u2019ll make a few real-time call-ups to you; but, I don\u2019t think there\u2019s anything you really have to write down.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, Bob,\u201d I said, and then added, \u201cI realize that things were getting a little hectic yesterday. But, if we end up making any changes where I don\u2019t need to get a [seismic] charge in my hands, that\u2019s an awfully good thing to call; because not only does it tire your hands out holding it, but it means you don\u2019t get as many pictures or Rover samples or anything else.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cLets keep working the [EVA \u2013 Prep] Checklist while he talks,\u201d Cernan suggested.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, God knows how much input Bob has gotten from the Back Room planners. Hand me the food sticks when you close the food compartment, and I will get the drink bags from in back. They both go in the ISS on the DISKEY.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cRoger. You guys were just ahead of us there. We were trying to get that up to you. \u2026Okay. No, I don\u2019t think there is anything here that really needs to be written down. I\u2019ll go through [it] with you first, and we can talk about details and writing in [notes], if you want to, on any of them. But, I don\u2019t think there is anything that really needs to be written in [the Cuff Checklists]. The EVA\u2026is going to be essentially nominal, with two minor exceptions. One is we\u2019ve allowed about 5 minutes extra at the LM, before leaving, for the Rover fender fix; and John will be talking to you about that in a minute. And the second, [a] big change is that we\u2019re also allowing 5 more minutes at the end of the EVA so that we can have extra time for dusting. And I suspect that, if the Rover fender fix works and we aren\u2019t getting as dirty as we did last night, then we may gain back that 5 minutes. We\u2019re also allowed\u2026 What we\u2019ve done is we\u2019ve taken the time here [at the LM] out of some of the tasks at Station 3 and Station 4. And, along with the fact that we think you\u2019re a little bit farther east than planned, we\u2019re allowing 4 minutes additional driving time. But again, that\u2019s all real time, and if we\u2019re doing well on time, we can reinstitute all those tasks and get rid of the 5 minutes that we are allowing here, there, or elsewhere. So that\u2019s [some possibilities] just sort of to keep in your thinking\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cNow, we need to top off the PLSS\u2019s oxygen for one minute, each,\u201d I noted. \u201cYou want to start with yours?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThere is a possibility that we\u2019ll have some additional overhead at each stop, depending on what the Rover battery temperatures are when you get out this morning. If they\u2019re high again, then we\u2019ll have to probably park\u2014 at least on some of the stops, if not all\u2014 with the up-Sun heading and dusting the battery covers and then opening them to let them cool. But, again, that will depend upon what we find on the Rover batteries when we get out this morning\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cHere\u2019s the EVA-2 Prep and Post Card I was modifying to cover the Purge Valves. Stick it on the Velcro up there so we won\u2019t hit it with the PLSSs.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThe variations that we found on the surface of the South Massif indicating a possibility of layering\u2014 I guess you saw those mostly with the monocular\u2014 and the observation of boulder tracks and the size of the Massif emphasizes the importance of sampling boulders that can be traced to sources at various elevations on the Massif. And I guess we should say that\u2019s \u2018hopefully\u2019. And we\u2019ll just have to see what happens when we get down to Station 2 on that. But, if we see boulders with tracks, I\u2019m sure you guys remember that they obviously will have a higher priority\u2026\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

[With this request, the geologists in the Science Back Room anticipated something that I would not really get to think about much until the high-resolution images came back from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter 40 years later. No tracks leading to boulders have been found on the South Massif above Station 2; however, tracks lead off the North Massif to each of the boulders at Station 6 and Station 7. The lack of tracks on the slope of the South Massif above Station 2 is puzzling as tracks just to the north do lead to boulders in Nansen crater. Tracks to the boulders we would sample there clearly had been erased by continued impact gardening of the surface.]<\/p>\n

\u201cSince we didn\u2019t get to Emory,\u201d continued Parker, \u201cand since we didn\u2019t really get to the rim of Steno itself, the question of sampling of the actual subfloor is still somewhat ambiguous, although there is a large consensus opinion that says that we sampled the subfloor when we sampled that intermediate gabbro yesterday at both the ALSEP and Station 1. There is a possible alternative conclusion, which says that the subfloor has not been sampled, but that these blocks that we sampled and the surface are both parts of a later flow. And, in that line, we\u2019re still looking for specific observations which will help us distinguish whether or not the dark mantle is a separate unit from the intermediate gabbro that we\u2019re seeing or, whether it\u2019s the\u2026\u201d Someone interrupted Parker at this point. \u201cStand by. \u2026Okay. \u2026Or whether it just represents the top of [a] very well churned up layer of a flow that was later than the subfloor, if you see what I\u2019m saying there. \u2026All this says that we\u2019re very much more interested in Station 5 [at the rim of Camelot], as you might expect, than we were before. And I guess, for this reason, we\u2019ll be trying to keep to the timeline a bit tighter than usual to guarantee that we\u2019ve got some time left over at Station 5. And, we\u2019re also interested in perhaps moving Station 5 from its present location there in the southwest of Camelot over to the southeast or east or some location where we have a feeling that we\u2019ve got big boulders up on the rim.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

[Camelot Crater, at about 600 meters in diameter, excavated about 120 m into the subfloor material (based on a depth to diameter ratio of 0.2<\/span>[6<\/span><\/strong>]<\/a><\/sup>, with material originally being ejected to the rim from about 60 m<\/span>[7<\/span><\/strong>]<\/a><\/sup> depth. Pre-mission planning, based on low-resolution images from Apollo 15, assumed that Camelot was a relatively young crater. Later considerations, however, suggest that Camelot may be about 500 million years old and the boulders at the rim consist of gradually exposed boulders from the crater wall rather than impact ejecta.<\/span>[8<\/span><\/strong>]<\/a><\/sup> (See Chapter 13)]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThis would be so we could sample, hopefully, some of the white material and some of the boulders together and get a better confirmation that the material from deep in the subfloor unit is this intermediate gabbro, as opposed to just material from the upper part of the subfloor. It\u2019s just a matter of proving to ourselves whether or not the boulders we sampled yesterday are from deep within the subfloor, or only at the surface of the subfloor; or, perhaps, as I said, the other alternative being that the intermediate gabbro is part of the dark mantle, and we\u2019re seeing a churned-up regolith on top of it\u2026sort of being the gaseous (vesicular) upper part of the flow having been broken down rather rapidly into the dark mantle. \u2026Okay, stand by a minute\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cTo summarize that again, \u2026I guess I got ahead of myself here in the little spiel they (Science Support Room) wrote up. At the present time we have two working hypotheses for the dark mantle and gabbro relationships to each other. One: the crystalline rocks that we found\u2014 the gabbros\u2014 are an upper unit of the subfloor with their dark mantle cover unrelated to them in time. Key observations that they suggest here are stratigraphy at Camelot\u2014 Station 5\u2014 and other deep craters. Especially, perhaps, (dig) a trench in sheltered spots which are ungardened (undisturbed by micrometeorite impacts)\u2014 as in \u2018plowed\u2019\u2014 [and look] for an older regolith underneath the dark mantle, if such a thing could be found. We don\u2019t think we found that yesterday\u2014 or, [take] a look at the superposition relations between dark mantle and boulders. Are there instances of the mantle on the boulders or, inversely, of small boulders on the mantle?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

[These thoughts still reflected the dominant pre-mission hypothesis that the dark mantle unit was a significantly younger, discrete volcanic deposit than rock units beneath it, rather than younger volcanic material mixed with regolith developed on the subfloor.]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThe second working hypothesis is that the dark mantle is regolith derived from a vitreous, vesicular, [basalt] flow top of the crystalline rock flow beneath. And, it (the write up) again goes [on] to say that perhaps the gabbro we sampled yesterday was indeed the late flow; and the regolith was derived from the vitreous, vesicular flow top, as it were. Again, many of the same observations are called for. In particular, they\u2019d be interested then in looking at the coarser fines as they define as [being] from a millimeter to 20 millimeters (in grain size), for some sort of transitional lithologies and textures. In other words, what do the small, walnut-size rocks look like, if you can, in hand specimens?<\/span><\/p>\n

[Parker read from a briefing paper put together by Bill Muehlberger and his team of geologists, probably including Gordon \u201cGordy\u201d Swann, Edwin \u201cEd\u201d Wolfe, George Ulrich, Robert \u201cBob\u201d Sutton, Barbel \u201cBarbara\u201d Lucchitta, Leon \u201cLee\u201d Silver, and others. Their original draft probably had been severely edited by others along with various phrases added by Parker as he read it to us. Saying, \u201cpay close attention to superposition relationships,\u201d could summarize the entire briefing, that is, what material or rocks lie on top of other material or rocks. Said even another way, what appears to be older and what appears to be younger. In 1671, Nicolas Steno, a Dane who had become a Catholic priest in Italy, first formally noted the importance of these superposition relationships for determining a relative sequence of ages for rock units in a gravity field[9<\/span><\/strong>]<\/a><\/sup>. (I had named Steno Crater in honor of this critical first insight into nature\u2019s laws.) The absence of clear evidence of the nature of the dark mantle, seemingly so obvious on low-resolution pre-mission photographs, continued to puzzle the field geology team as well as me. This apparent contradiction resulted from my initial close-up field observations near Steno Crater on EVA-1 being within the obscuration effects of regolith formation. As regolith forms through the effect of numerous repeated meteor impacts, the boundaries between surface contacts become increasingly diffuse.]<\/p>\n

\u201cJack, turn off the BIOMED Telemetry,\u201d<\/span> Cernan asked, looking at the Checklist. \u201cWe slept in our LCGs (Liquid Cooled Garmets), but we still have to put our UCTAs (Urine Collection and Transfer Assemblies) back on.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. \u2026I\u2019m glad I remembered to stretch my next UCTA condom on the hand controller before going to sleep. Having the one from yesterday fitting too tightly was really painful. I think I may have broken some capillaries when I forced pee through the restriction. I will never listen again when they say it (the penis) shrinks on the Moon.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cIf I can get more specific in terms of EVA mechanics,\u201d Parker began again, \u201clet me say that we\u2019ll call out\u2014 in real time\u2014 the deletion of the tasks at Stations 3 and 4, if they become necessary. And what we\u2019re planning on doing is: deleting the trench in the base of the scarp at Station 3, and also deleting the radial sample on Shorty [Crater] at Station 4. That\u2019s provisionally what we\u2019re planning on. And depending on how the time is going, we\u2019ll call that out real time. We also have\u2026the [EVA] experiments [that] remain pretty much the same. We\u2019ll deploy the charges at the same locations as we\u2019re planning in the checklist at the present time.<\/p>\n

\u201cFor your planning further ahead, we don\u2019t anticipate any significant changes in EVA-3. The charge #5, which we were going to deploy at Emory but didn\u2019t, will not be deployed during EVA-2, but we\u2019ll deploy it on EVA-3 out at station 10. And, what we\u2019re going to do there is, when you take the [one] eighth pounder (charge #4) and put it between the seats, we\u2019ll then have the three pounder (charge #5) left over, and we\u2019d like to put that on one of the footpads in the Sun; that\u2019s probably either the minus Z (east) or minus Y (south) footpad. And, we\u2019ll leave it there in the Sun until the start of EVA-3; in which case, we\u2019ll put it in the Rover underneath the LMP\u2019s seat. And, thermally, that looks okay.\u201d This seeming complex arrangement accommodates the four charges on the second pallet and the charge remaining from EVA-1.<\/p>\n

\u201cThere is a probability that we\u2019re going to play the \u2018return to the ALSEP game,\u2019 and we\u2019re going to do this for a couple of reasons. One, we\u2019re going to go back and look at getting some more ALSEP photos. I guess Gordy [Fullerton] says you\u2019ve got that (information). And, that will probably be\u2014 in fact, it will certainly be, if it happens\u2014 at the end of EVA-3 when you go back to get the neutron flux probe. I might also say with regard to EVA-3 that, obviously, we\u2019re more interested in Station 10 than we were before. Again, there remains concern that we have not sampled the subfloor and Sherlock [Crater] might be another place to do this.<\/p>\n

\u201cAnother \u2018return to the ALSEP\u2019 goodie that we\u2019re looking at\u2014 if we have the consumables today when you get back from finishing Station 5\u2014 is that the Lunar Surface Gravimeter has been unable to level itself over the night; and they sent some, you know, some thousand commands trying to get it straightened out, and they say it looks as though it\u2019s not level. And, so, we\u2019d like Jack to go back with his practiced hands-on-bubble-levels [experience] and recheck that after Station 5 today\u2014 if there\u2019s sufficient consumables. And, we\u2019ve planned for Gene to just let Jack off and let him walk back to the LM, after he gets off and looks at that.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cAnd, that\u2019s\u2026about everything we have,\u201d Parker concluded. \u201cAs I say, in summary, the big changes are going to be extra time at the beginning, taking care of the fender extension, and the probability of extra time at the end. Although we\u2019ll have to see how well the fender works and how things go. The probability of extra time at the end [is] to allow for dusting. And the time spent on those particular activities we\u2019ll probably end up taken out of the tasks at Station 3 and Station 4. Over. Comments?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI am going to put my biomed sensors and Bio Belt on,\u201d<\/span> Cernan declared. \u201cDid you turn the telemetry OFF?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYes,\u201d I had my sensors and Bio Belt on during the rest period.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, Bob,\u201d I replied, continuing to multitask between listening and working through the Checklist. \u201cWe copy all that. Obviously, you\u2019re going to have to catch us in real time on some of the details there\u2026on the charges and the task deletions. One question: did you say we were going to delete the trench at Station 3?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cRoger. The trench at the base of the Scarp, in other words, some of the stuff that you would be doing while Gene was taking the double core.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWhat do you gain by that?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWell. No comment on that, Jack.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cIf you haven\u2019t deleted Cernan\u2019s tasks, then what am I supposed to do?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYou\u2019re supposed to help Gene, I guess.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWell, but that\u2019s not the way we worked it, Bob.\u201d Clearly, I was upset by ALSEP concerns still affecting exploration plans and that the Back Room folks were thinking that they could both change the well thought out activities for Stations 2 and 4 and try to take away my field initiatives without knowing what would be encountered once we reached those locations. Many hours had been spent considering how possible volatiles from along the Lee-Lincoln fault scarp could be sampled at Station 3 by a combination of a double core and samples from a trench. In the case of Station 4 at Shorty Crater, there was a faint possibility that Shorty would be the only young volcanic crater in the valley we potentially would be able to investigate. As will be seen, all this did not bode well for Station 3 efficiency or for the time we could allot for Station 4.<\/p>\n

\u201cLet\u2019s play that one in real time,\u201d I finally concluded, rather than argue these points with Parker.<\/p>\n

\u201cRoger. That\u2019s why I said there\u2019s no point in marking up the checklist on that, Jack. Let me hit you with one more thing concerning the [Rover] battery temps. An initial reaction down here is that the battery temps were high on deployment because of particularly unfavorable heat soaking on the way out. And the Marshall [Space Flight Center, Huntsville] people are hopeful that they\u2019ll be back to normal this morning. However, we\u2019re obviously anxious, as I\u2019m sure you are, to get an early reading on the battery temps. \u2026That\u2019s number 1.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cAnd number 2, just for the off chance that the [temperature] meter\u2019s not working\u2014 [although] I think we\u2019ve pretty much discounted that\u2014 because of the way the meter worked yesterday. \u2026But, on the off chance that the meter\u2019s not working, you might just lean over and see if the meter is reading zero before you punch in the circuit breakers, because that would give us at least a partial confirmation in that direction, that there\u2019s not something wrong with the [meter] offset. If they\u2019re sitting there reading 30 to 40 degrees [without power], then that probably says something about the offset. And, beyond that\u2026\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019ll look at that, Bob,\u201d interrupted Cernan, \u201cwhat the meter has indicated in terms of a temperature change. I\u2019ll look and see if there\u2019s a bias on them at all.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cRog. We again also think that that\u2019s (a meter problem) probably not too likely.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

As Parker had been off duty when I talked to Allen before going to sleep, I summarized some of those thoughts for him. \u201cBob, I think, based on what I saw yesterday, that the chances are pretty good that all the big blocks out here in the dark mantle area will be pretty much the gabbro. By the way, I looked at that [one sample] with a hand lens last night, and I don\u2019t know that you got the report, and I\u2019m back to saying that it\u2019s probably closer to 30 to 40 percent plagioclase. It\u2019s probably just a good gabbro, a clinopyroxene gabbro, and it apparently has a fair amount of ilmenite in it. There\u2019s some bright, shiny flakes within the vugs and some dark minerals in the matrix that are probably ilmenite.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cAnd one other additional possibility, then, is that the mantling we\u2019re seeing here is just dark, fine glass\u2014 darker than usual, because of the iron and the titanium in the rocks themselves. Also, the probability, I think, still has to be considered that you\u2019re dealing with a true [pyroclastic] mantle that has been gardened enough that, at least where we\u2019re seeing it now\u2014 in the first few tens of centimeters [of the regolith]\u2014 that it is unrecognizable as a mantling unit, [at least not] yet. The relationship to the large boulders is, I think, one right now of just filleting and a small amount of covering because of the local gardening process. We haven\u2019t seen any clearly mantling relationships between the dark mantle or the surface materials here and the large boulders.\u201d Indeed, discoveries at Station 4 ultimately would show that my second alternative involving pyroclastics would be right on the mark.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. Copy that. And, we\u2019ll be anxious to see what else you find out today. \u2026And one last word for your interest: the Marshall people have decided to allow us to go to 140 degrees on this EVA with the batteries, if necessary.\u201d As if we would stop using the LRV if the temperatures went higher.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay,\u201d Cernan noted.<\/p>\n

\u201cNow John (Young) would like to talk to you about the fender fix.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. Hold on for 30 seconds\u2026<\/p>\n

\u201cJack, I finally have my biomed hooked up. Switch the telemetry to LEFT so they can look at it before we suit up.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWilco. You have LEFT.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cHey, while John\u2019s talking to me,\u201d Cernan said, \u201cwhy don\u2019t you check my biomed out? We\u2019re going \u2018LEFT\u2019.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, fine,\u201d Fullerton said, as he came back on following Parkers discussion of the EVA-2 plans. \u201cWe\u2019ll take a check, Geno. Let me ask you one question here on Jack\u2019s PLSS water fill. We\u2019re showing about 3 pounds too much water in the LM system, and we\u2019re wondering if you got the Aux tanks filled up in Jack\u2019s PLSS. Two questions. Were you sure to have the Aux valve open and did you see good clear water in the sight gauge with no bubbles after the fill? Over.\u201d This sight gauge gave the only way to tell if the AUX tank filled up along with the PRIMARY tank.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cI guess we\u2019d have to say \u2018yes\u2019 to those questions; but if you\u2019ve got a question on it we can go through it again. I\u2019d rather do that than take a chance [on running out of cooling water].\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cLet me make sure we want to do that.<\/span> While we\u2019re making sure, I checked with both home fronts. Nassau Bay and Tucson are both in good shape. Geno, Tracy upstaged you for about 30 minutes last night on local TV during her own interview there, and drew everybody away from watching EVA during that time. She did very well.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, that sort of figures,\u201d Cernan said with a smile. Tracy was nine years old at the time of her interview with Jim Hartz of NBC\u2019s Tonight Show.<\/p>\n

\u201cGene, I hate to fall behind the timeline any more, but we had better check my water, again. I was sure we got it right, but we better be sure.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cHey, Gordo, why do you say \u2018Jack\u2019s PLSS\u2019?\u201d Cernan asked. \u201cDid you see the water drop in the LM when we charged mine?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cIt was the profile of the water quantity as you were filling both PLSSs,\u201d explained Fullerton, \u201cand it was the fill during Jack\u2019s fill that looked suspicious\u2026like just maybe 3 pounds less than there should have been [of] flow when you were filling Jack\u2019s.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, well, you know it\u2019s (the sight gauge) only [a] passive [way] to know whether or not you\u2019ve got it filled,\u201d countered Cernan. \u201c[But] I sure don\u2019t want to go out there and have him just have some partial water. So let\u2019s do the conservative thing.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. I\u2019ll verify that,\u201d declared Fullerton. \u201cThere was some drinking water going out at that time, too, which muddles up the data a little bit, so we\u2019re not absolutely certain on that.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. We weren\u2019t drinking water while we were filling the PLSS, however. \u2026<\/span>Okay. You come up with what you think\u2019s best on that, and I\u2019m ready to copy John.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, Geno,\u201d Young replied, \u201cI don\u2019t think you need to copy this. Sort of just ad-lib it. With your four, chronopaque maps, tape two maps and allow about an l-inch overlap to (create) a 15-inch by 10-1\/2-inch configuration. \u2026That\u2019s an estimate. And then repeat with two other maps, and then tape the two maps\u2014 now four maps\u2014 tape them together, and you\u2019ll end up with a sheet that\u2019s about 15 inches by 19 inches\u2014 a sheet of chronopaque. And then tape both sides of it\u2014 the overlapping edges\u2014 to strengthen it. And you can further strengthen it if you tape an \u201cX\u201d of tape across both sides of it.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cAnd then, on the roll up, on the long axis, secure it with a strip of tape and put it in the ETB. And, on that strip of tape you secure it with, be sure and leave a tab on the end of it so you can get it off with your gloves. And then remove clamps from both the utility light units, and open the clamp jaws to max. And then tighten the mounting bracket that you\u2019ve got on it [the clamps] so [that] it will not be swinging around; and stow the clamps in the ETB. You got that, Gene?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYes, sir.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cNow you\u2019ve got everything you need. And it\u2019s all put together and all ready to be fastened to the Rover. And then when you get the ETB in the (Rover) seat, you unroll the chronopaque sheet and you locate the front edge\u2014 with the long axis fore and aft\u2014 even with the [rear] axle. And you lay the edge of the sheet over the inboard guide rail and you clamp it. And you lay the other edge of the sheet over the outboard guide rail and clamp it. And, as I said, the inboard clamp must be directly over the axle to avoid interference while steering. And tighten the clamps securely\u2014 both of them. And then while you\u2019re driving around out there by yourself, it would be good if Jack could take a look at it and see if you\u2019re getting any unusual dynamics. And at Station 2 [after a long drive)] you should inspect the fender for any unusual wear that might have been caused by this mass out there on the fender [or] of those clamps bouncing up and down.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOne thing about it, doing it in a suit, Gene, you have to push in with your leg and hold [the maps on the fender]; and it\u2019s sort of a two-handed job. And I\u2019m not sure in one-sixth g if you can position the fender, the pseudo-fender, on there without Jack, say, holding on to the long end behind the Rover so that won\u2019t fall off. It works okay in one g for one man. But I\u2019m not sure it\u2019s not a two-man proposition in one-sixth [g]. Over.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWe\u2019ll take a look at it, babe.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, and you really have to bear down to get those things (the clamps) on the dovetail [guide rail] there.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cI just want to make sure of the geometry now. We want to take two of those pages and put the 10-inch sides together overlapping, right?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYes, sir.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThen take two more and put the 10-inch sides together overlapping, right?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThat\u2019s true.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cAnd then take those two pieces you\u2019ve got now and put them end to end, so you\u2019ve got a long fender. Sounds right to me. Sound right to you?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWell, you end up with all four pieces in a big rectangle,\u201d Young summarized. \u201cYou see what I\u2019m saying? You\u2019ve got a 15-inch by 19-inch sheet of paper.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, we got it,\u201d Cernan said, as I nodded my head as I finished copying the instructions. \u201cWe got it, John. And I copy the overlap and everything. If you had no overlap, I guess you\u2019d have about 16 by 20.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThat\u2019s correct. But you need to overlap,\u201d Young emphasized, \u201cand taping both sides of it gives it more strength, which you need in that situation \u2026You just want to make sure it\u2019s (the overlap) not more than an inch, or you won\u2019t have enough to cover up those dovetails.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, babe, we\u2019re going to work on it right now.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cHere are the four contingency maps we will not need,\u201d I said.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cLooks like we have plenty of duct tape.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cLike everything else on the Earth, the Rover will be held together with gray duct tape,\u201d<\/span> I joked.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cJack and Gene, this is Gordo, again. On the PLSS charge, we\u2019re recommending you hook up Jack\u2019s [PLSS] according to the decal. Go right ahead and\u2026 Stand by one. \u2026Go by the decal and do the full 5-minute fill on Jack\u2019s PLSS. It\u2019ll take that long to get the AUX tank filled up, if it was indeed empty.<\/span> And maybe that\u2019s something you can start and (also) work on the paper (chronopaque) taping. Over.\u201d The decal referred to is printed on a piece of fabric, sewn to the PLSS cover.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cLet\u2019s set my PLSS on the Midstep, and get started.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

A few minutes later, as Cernan worked on his new fender, I said, \u201cGordy. I\u2019m on step 4 on the decal, \u2026[that is] Step 5 on the decal.\u201d This tells me to watch the sight gauge until bubbles stop.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, Jack,\u201d Fullerton replies. \u201cJohn Covington advises that the sight gauge is not a certain indicator that you\u2019re filled; and so we\u2019re just going to go by time to be sure, and kind of disregard the sight gauge readings\u2014 as a positive indication anyway.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, [I] understand that from the past, and we went exactly by time before. We\u2019ll try it again here.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, Gordy. Is that about 5 minutes?\u201d I asked.<\/p>\n

\u201cStand by. I\u2019ll see if anybody timed you here. That\u2019s affirm; 5 minutes now\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. Step 7 is complete.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cAnd we did not see any water flow to speak of, so it probably was full.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, the condensate indications here were that it (the tank) was full.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s better to be sure.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cNo question,\u201d I agreed. As annoying as this cooling water redo was, I had confidence in the Mission Control team to know it had to be done. A great deal of their job consisted of risk management.<\/p>\n

\u201cGeno, this is Houston. We want to be sure to have one look at your Biomed before you get into the suit in case something\u2019s wrong with it. And if you go right by the checklist, we\u2019ll miss that look. So when you get to a convenient place, if you can go to LEFT and have us take a look at it, we\u2019d appreciate it.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cGordy, apparently you\u2026 Okay. Stand by\u2026 I called it (LEFT) out, [earlier, but] I didn\u2019t give it (the connection) to you. Stand by one\u2026\u201d Cernan had missed connecting his sensors to his Biobelt. \u201cOkay. Now it\u2019s yours.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay.\u201d<\/p>\n

[Use of the expression \u201cit\u2019s yours\u201d related to anything we did that gave access to spacecraft systems or data that Mission Control could not access without some action by the crew. In a way, crews used the expression to remind everyone, including themselves, that it was a \u201cmanned spacecraft\u201d, requiring human input to fully operate. On the other hand, without Mission Control\u2019s analyses of telemetry, analyses we could not do onboard, accomplishing the mission objectives would have been impossible. For example, we had no way to know that we had three pounds of excess water over predicted usage and that a PLSS cooling water recharge might have been incomplete.]<\/p>\n

\u201cThat [biomed telemetry] looks good, Geno. You can press on with the suiting operation, there.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cCall me the little old fender maker,\u201d Cernan said.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cHow\u2019s your taping coming, Gene? Need some help?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah,\u201d Cernan replied. He was using the top of the Ascent Engine cover as a work surface as it was the only flat surface available. \u201cHold these two maps together while I will tape them. \u2026Okay, now let me work that tape down on the maps as hard as I can. John says that will prevent bubbling \u2026Now, two more maps\u2026good\u2026work the tape down hard, again. \u2026Now, hold the two sections together. \u2026Tape is good. \u2026That should do it.\u2019<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cDon\u2019t forget to tape the edges on the other side and to put the X on,\u201d<\/span> I reminded him.<\/p>\n

\u201cOh, yeah. \u2026Good old duct tape! \u2026That should do it. Now, if you will roll this new fender up, let me hold it with a tape tab long enough that I can get a hold of it out there. \u2026Not bad.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019ll put it in the ETB, if you can get the two clamps off the AOT and open them up, full.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. \u2026Here are the clamps for the ETB,\u201d<\/span> offered Cernan, after some struggle to dismantle the lights from the clamps. His hands had not recovered from being abraded, yesterday.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe are ready to become lunar auto mechanics, I guess. \u2026I am going to start suiting up, if you think we are ready.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cGo for it.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cS-Band Voice going to Voice,\u201d I informed Fullerton as I went back to the Checklist.<\/p>\n

\u201cRoger\u2026 Jack, Houston. With respect to the PLSS water fill, last thing we heard you say was \u2018doing step 7\u2019. We just want to verify that you did go ahead and do step 8, which is connect the waste management system to the PLSS Aux vent for 10 seconds. Over.<\/p>\n

\u201cYes, that was all done, Gordy. We just got sidetracked [working on the new fender], and I didn\u2019t call you.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. Thank you.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

EVA-2 Suiting Up and Opening the Front Door<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, suit up time,\u201d<\/span> I announced to our little world in the Challenger<\/em>. \u201cAUDIO circuit breaker going open and I am going off LM communications. \u2026I have my EVA-2 Cuff Checklist over here in the Storage Compartment and that goes on my left suit arm before I do anything else. \u2026My Snoopy Cap and gloves are on the Comm Panel over here. \u2026Neck ring cover is off and stowed. \u2026So, now the Checklist says I need a Drink Bag and a Food Stick from the BRA. \u2026Thanks. \u2026Drink Bag and Food Stick are installed. \u2026If you will hold the left side of the zipper, I will see if I still fit in this thing (suit).\u201d<\/span> Getting into the suit with a little lunar gravity was much easier that suiting up in zero g.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, Jack. Lift your legs up towards me, and I will take the Jett Bag off them. Where do I put the Jett Bag?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cLet\u2019s see. \u2026It goes in your Stowage Compartment. …You want to read the Checklist from here on to be sure I don\u2019t miss something?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. LCG Plug goes in the Purse.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cGot it.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cConnect the UCTA.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

I took the condom off the hand controller and attached the stretched end to me and the unstretched end to the UCTA and said,<\/p>\n

\u201cDone.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cBiobelt.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cDone.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cLGC.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cDone. \u2026Boy, I would hate to not have that right.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Without the cooling provided by the LGC, extended work on the lunar surface would have been impossible.<\/p>\n

\u201cYou want me to get your zippers?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cSure. \u2026Make sure they are locked.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cZipped and Locked. \u2026Now don your Snoopy Cap and connect to the suit. \u2026Give me your Electrical Connector Cap, and I will put it in the Purse.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cHere you go. What\u2019s next?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOn your ECS panel; SUIT ISOLATION \u2013 ACTIVATION OVERRIDE.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOVERRIDE.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cNow, connect LM O2 Red to Blue and Blue to Red.\u201d<\/span> This will provide temporary air-cooling before attaching the PLSS hoses and activating PLSS oxygen flow.<\/p>\n

\u201cThat is probably easier for you to do,\u201d<\/span> I suggested.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay\u2026and LM H2O\u2026and Comm\u2026are connected, too. \u2026Next, SUIT ISOLATION goes to SUIT FLOW.\u201d This required me to turn toward the back of the cabin and face the ECS panel.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cSUIT FLOW.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cSUIT GAS DIVERTER \u2013 PULL to EGRESS.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cEGRESS.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cCABIN GAS RETURN \u2013 EGRESS.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cEGRESS.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cAUDIO CB \u2013 CLOSE.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cCLOSED.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, Gordo. Jack\u2019s coming up [on comm.], and I\u2019m going off the air.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, Gordy. LMP is suited, and\u2026 Stand by. 24128 \u2013 PRD is 24128. \u2026Hello, Houston. Did you copy the LMP?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cRoger. Copy. 24128. \u2026How come you guys are not on \u2018Flight Director\u2019 like I am?\u201d Parker joked. He had transmitted on the wrong communications loop in the MOCR.<\/p>\n

\u201cAnd, Bob, 17040 is Commander [PRD].\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cSay that again, please, Geno.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cThe last two digits are 40.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cCopy that.<\/p>\n

\u201c17040.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cThank you. Thank you.\u201d Once in a while, even a simple relay of some numbers can get confused during space communications.<\/p>\n

Cernan then repeated the steps for suiting up, as I read them from the Checklist. We had lost more time because of the new fender construction and the PLSS cooling water recharge. Now we were about an hour and twenty minutes behind the planned timeline.<\/p>\n

\u201cBob, how do you read the Biomed on the LMP?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cStand by, Jack. \u2026It looks beautiful, Jack. I think that means \u2018loud and clear\u2019,\u201d Parker joked, equating telemetry of heart rate and respiration to voice. And, Challenger, have you changed your ECS LiOH can?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cBob, we did not. I guess we missed that in the checklist,\u201d I replied.<\/p>\n

\u201cThat\u2019s sort of towards the end of [page] 3-9\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cBob, I guess we\u2019re not quite there yet [with Suiting up the CDR].\u201d Once in a while, the MOCR and Parker would miss where we had said we were in the Checklist.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. Copy that.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, I\u2019ll get your zippers\u2026 and, if you can get your LM hoses, Red to Blue and Blue to Red, I\u2019ll change the LiOH canister.\u201d<\/span> Changing the LiOH CO2<\/sub> scrubber entailed opening the canister cover on the ECS panel, removing the used one, stowing it in the jettison bag, inserting the new canister, and making sure the cover locked shut.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, Bob. The canister\u2019s changed.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cRoger. We saw that [on telemetry]. Thank you.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cBiomed\u2019s LEFT.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. Copy that.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cBob, how do you read me?\u201d Cernan asked after connecting to LM communications.<\/p>\n

\u201cLoud and clear, Geno.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cBattery management\u2019s going [ahead],\u201d I reported, as I once again prepared to go through those steps in the Checklist.<\/p>\n

\u201cRoger\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201c[ED Bats] 37.2; both batteries.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, Jack. Just like always.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cPCM is HIGH [bit rate]. You ready for the batteries?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cStand by [on the batteries]. We\u2019re still trying to acquire the HIGH bit rate\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay.<\/p>\n

\u201cAnd, Geno, we have good [bio] data from you on the Surgeon [Console]. And we have HIGH bit rate.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWell, that\u2019s good to hear. I got good data up here,\u201d Cernan said, meaning his heart rate and respiration seemed fine to him.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, we\u2019re GO to do the battery management now, Jack. We\u2019ve got the HIGH bit rate.<\/p>\n

\u201cRoger.\u201d I began to run through an abbreviated sequence of switch positions on panel 14 to my right so that the LM Controllers and I could make sure that three of our Descent Batteries, designated as 3, 4 and LUNAR, were performing as expected. A full check of all batteries had been performed prior to our rest period after EVA-1. With the ED battery voltages already checked and reported, I went to BAT 4 on the POWER\/TEMP MONITOR switch, turned BAT 4 to ON and checked that the Talkback was gray, indicating the battery was on line.[10]<\/a><\/sup> After putting the POWER\/TEMP MONITOR switch to BAT 3, put the LUNAR battery CDR bus switch to OFF\/RESET and saw the expected barberpole on the Talkback. Then, I turned on BAT 3 and saw that its Talkback was gray. Using the POWER\/TEMP switch, I checked that the volts on the CDR, LMP and AC electrical buses, reading off the gauge in the upper left of panel 14, were about 30 as expected. While I went through this full sequence, Thorson at the LM CONTROL Console in the MOCR watched the more precise telemetry readouts on the batteries and the buses.<\/p>\n

\u201cAnd a thought for the day,\u201d Parker said. \u201cWe\u2019re not sure that there is going to be any need for the scissors outside today. And if you guys wanted to keep from picking them up off the ground and worrying about them, you might just leave them inside if you haven\u2019t packed them already.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI think we should take them with us,\u201d<\/span> I told Cernan, \u201cyou never know what might come up with the fender fix and the SEP cover.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cI agree.\u201d<\/span> I was surprised at Mission Control\u2019s recommendation not to have one of our contingency tools available on the Rover, particularly in light of the repair that we would need to undertake on the fender.<\/p>\n

\u201cBob, you never know!\u201d Cernan exclaimed. \u2018We\u2019re going to take them out with us. So just make a note that we bring them back in, would you?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. I\u2019ll make a little note again.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cBattery\u2019s [management] complete,\u201d I reported, \u201cand [I\u2019m waiting for] your cue on [switching to] the Low Bit Rate.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYou can go LOW bit rate again. And it (the battery management) looked good to us, too.\u201d<\/p>\n

Now that we were back in the suits again, we shifted over to the EVA Prep and Post Cue Card and repeated the preparations we had gone through prior to EVA-1. Part of this process put us back on voice activated comm. (VOX). Checklist discipline and check and double check were the key to not making a mistake that might cost you your life or, at very least, force an early termination of the EVA.<\/p>\n

When we took our last big drink of Challenger\u2019s<\/em> water before locking our helmets in place, the following exchange occurred:<\/p>\n

\u201cLet\u2019s get another zap of (drinking) water here,\u201d suggested Cernan\u2026 \u201cIf I have any more water I\u2019ll float out there.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cGood Navy man,\u201d I said with a laugh.<\/p>\n

\u201cBe a good place to fill with water, you\u2019d make a nice rec[reation] site out of this valley. You could put some cabins up on the side of the massifs. Nice flat bottom, no trees.<\/p>\n

\u201cNo snags,\u201d I added, always the true fisherman.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe fishing ought to be pretty good if you stocked it.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cHave a Bear Island and a Family Island,\u201d I commented, referring to Bear and Family Mountains that would project out of our fanciful lake.<\/p>\n

With a laugh, Cernan continued, \u201cWe\u2019re going to [have to] fill up the other end though, so it (the water) doesn\u2019t drain out.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cLooks funny like that.\u201d<\/p>\n

[As I put on my EVA gloves for the second time, I realized, to my great relief that my forearm fatigue had disappeared, entirely. This surprised me as I had expected some residual soreness as one would experience with similar fatigue on Earth. Opening and closing the fingers in a pressurized glove resembled squeezing a tennis or handball repetitively. In a relatively short time, your forearm muscles get tired and, as you have to continue using your hands, they begin to ache. This forces you to slow down all hand activity to a level you can continue to tolerate and still get jobs done. After my sleep, however, the tiredness and ache had gone away, and there was no soreness. I started over as fresh as the day before. I would guess that this rapid recovery takes place because, in the lunar one-sixth gravity, the cardiovascular circulation is much more efficient in removing metabolic toxins, such as lactic acid, from the muscles. Muscle fiber never gets damaged or semi-permanently inflamed. The fatigue and ache would return during the upcoming EVA; however, it helped to know that it would go away with rest and was not compounded, day after day. Astronauts assembling the Space Station found that specialized physical training largely could eliminate this fatigue problem. Even though I worked out every day during training, I wish we had been smart enough to ask for advice from professional physical trainers.]<\/p>\n

We missed a Checklist callout for Cernan to turn on his PLSS fan after putting on his helmet. This prompted Parker to say, \u201cGeno, we don\u2019t see your [PLSS] fan on. If you\u2019ve got your helmet on, you ought to have your fan on.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cThank you, Bob. Good call.\u201d Eventually, Cernan would have realized oxygen was not circulating, but it still was helpful to have this noticed by the MOCR.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe royal MOCR \u2018we\u2019,\u201d I interjected, to bring attention to the ultimate authority of the Flight Director, Gerry Griffin in this case, in calling the shots during a mission. He had been alerted by John Covington on the EVA Console about this missed item and immediately told Parker to alert us.<\/p>\n

Finally, after about 50 minutes of PLSS donning and systems and pressure checks, detailed in Chapter 9, we were ready to head outside.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, and we\u2019d like your GO, Robert,\u201d requested Cernan.<\/p>\n

\u201cYou\u2019re GO for Depress,\u201d Parker responded after Griffin had polled the active systems and EVA-related consoles in the MOCR and receive a shouted \u201cGO Flight!\u201d from each.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. Jack, [on panel] 16, CABIN REPRESS [circuit breaker], \u2013 OPEN; and [then] CABIN REPRESS VALVE \u2013 CLOSED.\u201d This begins the process of bringing the cabin pressure down to 3.5 psi, but also tests the suits\u2019 response to this change. By these actions, I prevented any automatic attempt to repressurize the cabin \u00a0when the dump valve on the hatch is opened.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, CABIN REPRESS. Circuit breaker first, right?\u201d I asked, just to be sure.<\/p>\n

\u201cCircuit breaker first. \u2018CABIN REPRESS \u2013 OPEN\u2019,\u201d repeated Cernan<\/p>\n

\u201cLet me turn around here. \u2026Okay, it\u2019s OPEN.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cAnd \u2018REPRESS VALVE \u2013 CLOSED.\u2019 \u201c<\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s going CLOSED,\u201d I said, now facing the ECS panel behind my LMP position.<\/p>\n

\u201cAnd then stay over there as far as you can, \u2018cause I got to get the overhead dump valve [to depress].<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, I\u2019m over as far as I can get. I can turn around [and face forward] and give you more room.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, turn around, and you\u2019ll have to look at the Cabin [pressure gauge],\u201d Cernan reminded me.<\/p>\n

\u201cWatch yourself there,\u201d I warned as he hit Panel 11 with his RCU.<\/p>\n

\u201cYou went awful weak all of a sudden,\u201d Cernan reported \u201cAre you\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cHello. How do you read?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cVery weak. Give me a call again.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cVery weak?\u201d I asked.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. My volume [control on the RCU] got\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYou\u2026hit your volume [control],\u201d I told him.<\/p>\n

\u201c[It\u2019s] Okay, now.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cLet me get over here\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWait a minute,\u201d Cernan said.<\/p>\n

\u201cIs that enough?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cNo, your arm\u2019s in the way. \u2026Okay. I can get at it now,\u201d Cernan reported as I moved my arm toward the ceiling.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYou want to go to\u2026 Let me get that [Checklist],\u201d I said. \u201c \u2018OPEN, then AUTO at 3.5.\u2019 Okay, go ahead,\u201d I continued as I could now see the cabin pressure gauge.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. [Pressure is] coming down. I can see it (the valve) open.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cThere it is. That\u2019s 5 [psi]\u20264 and a half\u20264\u2026Stand by. MARK it [3.5 psi].\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, it\u2019s (the valve) AUTO,\u201d Cernan reported.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, [cabin pressure is] about 3.4. And, I\u2026[am] looking at a watch. \u2026And my cuff gauge went up to 5.0. Good. \u2026Suit circuit\u2019s at 4.6. That\u2019s okay. And I\u2019m (suit pressure) decaying. Are you decaying?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019m decaying.\u201d This decay in pressure was the result of our breathing down the oxygen in the suit and having the exhaled CO2 removed by the LiOH canister in the PLSS. The PLSS oxygen pressure regulator would take over when the suit pressure reached 3.7 psi, but the fact that suit pressure was decaying verified that the regulator was preventing O2 flow into the suit.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe can start our watch,\u201d I said as this action was the cue for the start of EVA-2.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cMy watch is started. At 5:30, more or less.\u201d This time is Central Standard Time in the afternoon of Tuesday, 11 December 1972.<\/p>\n

\u201cAt 5:30,\u201d repeated Cernan, \u201cyes, sir. \u2026Press on [with the Checklist].\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. \u2018OVERHEAD [or] FORWARD DUMP VALVE \u2013 OPEN.\u2019 \u201c<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, baby!\u201d Cernan said with a grunt, as he worked to open the dump valve in the forward hatch. \u201cIt\u2019s open all the way.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, and pressure\u2019s coming down,\u201d I observed.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. I believe it,\u201d he replied as our suit pressure rose in response.<\/p>\n

Now looking at the Cuff Checklist, I said, \u201cWe get a tone and an H2<\/sub>O flag,\u201d because the cooling system was still off. Hearing a pop, I suggested, \u201cYou just popped your [suit] Relief [valve], I think.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, I\u2019m at my relief pressure now\u2026\u201d The increasing differential between Cernan\u2019s suit pressure and the lowering Cabin pressure has caused his Relief Valve to open. \u201cWhat\u2019s Cabin [pressure] now?\u201d he asked.<\/p>\n

\u201cCabin is 1.2 [psi). \u2026[Now at] one\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWell, let\u2019s see if I can partially get this Forward Hatch open.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s (the Cabin) point seven [psi], still.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cPoint five\u2026 Point three. You got it [open] at what\u2026about point two yesterday?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWhy don\u2019t you move over as far to the right as you can, \u2026so I can bend down.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWell, I think that\u2019s as good as I can do,\u201d I said still trying to push back into the right side panels.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. That\u2019s good. I can reach it. \u2026No, [can\u2019t open it]\u2026 Too much pressure on it yet.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cAbout point three [psi]. \u2026Okay. There\u2019s my H2O flag,\u201d I reported. The PLSS warnings at this stage provided alerts that pressure is low enough for the cooling sublimator to work, but I had not turned on any flow as yet, and that the warning system functioned as expected.<\/p>\n

\u201cWell, in that case, let me see if I can\u2019t get this [open]. \u2026Oh, man!\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cGet it opened?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cNo.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s unlocked, isn\u2019t it?\u201d I asked just to double check.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, I unlocked it earlier.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201c[Cabin Pressure is] still point two\u2026<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, it\u2019s unlocked,\u201d verified Cernan. \u201c\u2026Here it comes.\u201d<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

EVA-2 Begins<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cThere goes all the junk out there again,\u201d I observed. \u201cGuess that\u2019s ice. \u2026Probably cleaned some of the dust out, I hope.\u201d I did not see any dust leave the cabin; however, by this time, most of the dust had settled below the perforated floorboard and probably could not enter the air stream. The ice came from the freezing of moisture remaining in the cabin air.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, there goes a lot of junk. Sure wish it would clean the dust out. But it isn\u2019t. It\u2019s cleaning everything else out.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, Geno. We turn our PLSS [sublimator] water ON.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cIf we can get to it. \u2026[That] feels like a water valve,\u201d I said as I reached to the right forward corner of my PLSS.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. Mine\u2019s on,\u201d Cernan reported.<\/p>\n

\u201cLMP\u2019s water\u2019s on. \u2026Okay. \u2026Okay? \u2026Open [the Hatch].\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cMy water flag is clear!\u201d he exclaimed.<\/p>\n

\u201cThat just means you\u2019ve got feedwater pressure.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay,\u201d Cernan began, as he looked at his EVA-2 Cuff Checklist, \u201c \u2018Open hatch. Rest until cooling sufficient; verify PGA 3.7 \u2013 4.6.\u2019 Now mine\u2019s coming through 4.8; let me stand there a second. \u2018CWEA status, PREAMPS and ECS.\u2019 \u201c<\/p>\n

\u201cRog.\u201d These were the two caution lights that should have been on.<\/p>\n

\u201c[Is the] Water Sep Component Light on?\u201d Cernan asked, as he could not see it from where he was standing.<\/p>\n

\u201cRog. \u2026I mean \u2018affirm\u2019. Get my terminology straight here.\u201d The term \u201cRoger\u201d should be used for \u201cunderstood\u201d and not \u201cyes.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, Jack. I\u2019m going to start doing about a 90 [degree turn] here.\u201d Cernan is going to turn to face aft so that he can exit the hatch on his belly.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. Let me\u2026 I need to turn around [and face toward you] as soon as you do [turn] so I can help you get under that [DISKEY]. \u2026That\u2019s better.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay; it knocked it off. Okay. I\u2019m out of the way now, if you can move your left leg. \u2026Okay. I got an O2 Flag. And it\u2019s cleared. The [suit] pressure is 4.6. \u2026Okay, Houston. If you\u2019re happy, CDR is going to get out.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cRoger. We\u2019re happy, Geno,\u201d Parker replied.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, I\u2019m going to get back out of your way. \u2026Okay. Hatch is full open. \u2026And you\u2019re still\u2026you\u2019re scraping your [PLSS]\u2026just a little bit. Just get your buttons down there. That\u2019s good. Okay. Oh, hey, remind me to fix your\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cPLSS straps,\u201d finished Cernan<\/p>\n

\u201c\u2026your donning straps.\u201d<\/p>\n

Okay. \u2026That is ice [blowing out], by the way, Jack, \u2026Oh, man! I tell you, [this is tough] with a stiff suit. \u2026I\u2019m still at 4.5 (psi). \u2026But, I am out here on the porch.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOh, man. Okay, I\u2019m out here.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019ve \u2018assisted\u2019 you,\u201d I said, looking at the unnecessary instruction the \u201cAssist CDR\u201d on my Cuff Checklist page. \u201cHere comes the jett bag whenever you\u2019re ready.\u201d I moved to the left side of the cabin and swung the hatch full open into my LMP space.<\/p>\n

\u201cWell, let me get\u2026 Okay. I\u2019m all set. Man, I wish this suit would come down to 3.8.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cHere it (the jettison bag) comes.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, any time. Give it (the bag) a[nother] swat. \u2026There you go.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOh, the beauty of [one-sixth g],\u201d I exclaimed as I gave the jett bag a slight kick. Cernan then dropped the jett bag to the surface, later to be kicked under the Challenger<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay; let me look at something here,\u201d chuckled Cernan as he found another Support Crew insert in his Checklist.<\/p>\n

\u201cWhat\u2019s that?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI was just turning my checklist pages,\u201d as he worked to open the dump valve in the forward hatch.<\/p>\n

\u201cOh. Here you go,\u201d I said, pushing the ETB out the hatch.<\/p>\n

\u201cI need\u2026 What you got next \u2013 ETB?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cETB.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cCan you reach it?\u201d I asked.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah. \u2026[Have to] get it hooked up here [on the LEC lanyard].\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. \u2018Turn the tape recorder OFF\u2019,\u201d I read to myself. \u201cTape recorder\u2019s OFF.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cBig hook [on the lanyard]. That\u2019s a legacy of Gemini Nine,\u201d Cernan reminisced about lessons learned from the EVA on his 1966 Gemini 9 flight as he lowered the ETB on the LEC.\u201d<\/p>\n

[Cernan\u2019s Gemini 9 EVA and two subsequent Gemini EVAs did not go well with fatigue and inefficiency. The experiences led to much more rigorous training and planning than Cernan had undertaken. Aldrin\u2019s very successful EVA on Gemini 12, the last of the Gemini Project, included extensive underwater work in the Water Emersion Facility, addition of exterior hand holds and foot restraints, and more planned rest periods. The Gemini EVA experiences, good and bad, provided a legacy for all future EVAs.]\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201c \u2018MAX\u2019 [sensitivity on the comm circuit]\u2026 \u2018EVA decals\u2019 [for circuit breaker positions],\u201d I continued.<\/p>\n

\u201cETB is hanging. \u2026[Is] that all I need?<\/p>\n

\u201cI think so. You hit your comm [wheel] again,\u201d I said, noting a change in audio quality.<\/p>\n

\u201cNo, I didn\u2019t; I\u2019m okay.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWhat happened to the static? Did we lose Houston? \u2026Hello, Houston\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWe read you loud and clear,\u201d Parker interjected.<\/p>\n

\u201cOh, you must have switched to [another ground station]. \u2026Oh, I don\u2019t know.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. I\u2019m going down the ladder,\u201d reported Cernan.<\/p>\n

\u201cAll of a sudden, all the noise is gone,\u201d I said, \u201c\u2026that\u2019s very good.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201c \u2018Godspeed the crew of Apollo 17,\u2019 \u201d Cernan pretended to read. \u201cI think I\u2019ll read that every time I come down the ladder.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. All the circuit breakers are verified,\u201d I said. \u201c[Audio] noise is back.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. My visor\u2019s coming down,\u201d Cernan reported, as he moved out into the sunshine.<\/p>\n

\u201cUtility lights are off,\u201d I continued through the final pre-egress checks. \u201cWe\u2019re not going to use the [Sequence] Camera. \u2026Okay, I get to get out!\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, Houston. On this fine Tuesday evening, as I step out on the plains of Taurus-Littrow, Apollo 17 is ready to go to work,\u201d proclaimed Cernan with his usual dose of pomposity.<\/p>\n

\u201cRoger, Geno. Good deal,\u201d acknowledged Parker.<\/p>\n

\u201cAnd the first thing I\u2019ll do is give you a TGE [reading]. \u2026Let me turn it on. And you want a reading. Okay. It\u2019s on. Bob, and the reading is 222, 262, 207; that\u2019s 222, 262, 207.\u201d This reading is a check on any drift in the TGE, as it had been sitting in the shade of the Challenger<\/em> since EVA-1 ended.<\/p>\n

\u201cRoger. We copy that, Gene.\u201d<\/p>\n

Watching my movement out of the hatch, Cernan observed, \u201cLooks good from here, Jack. Keep coming.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cCome on, hatch!\u201d I exclaimed as I reached in to pull the hatch partially closed.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOh, what a nice day.<\/p>\n

\u201cFunny,\u201d I noted, \u201cthere\u2019s not a cloud in the sky. Except in the Earth.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cTake it nice and easy today,\u201d said Cernan to himself, \u201cand get accustomed [to moving in one-sixth gravity]. Whee! \u2026I\u2019ll be right there, Jack, to get the [PLSS] antenna\u2014 as soon as I turn the [Rover] LCRU on.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. I\u2019m on the ladder,\u201d I declared. \u201cDoor is closed.\u201d Without further comment, I grabbed both rails of the ladder and slid quickly down to the landing pad and on to the lunar surface for the second time. My attention, however, continued to be focused on getting all our \u201chousekeeping\u201d done so that we could start to explore again. I first joined Cernan at the Rover so we could deploy each other\u2019s PLSS antennas.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, [TV] Power switch is INTERNAL,\u201d said Cernan as he went through his Checklist items for the LCRU (Lunar Communitions Relay Unit). \u201cI\u2019m in MODE 3 (remote operation). LCRU blankets are OPEN 100 percent. [S-Band] AGC (Automatic Gain Control) is 4.0 plus, and power is about 1.8 (27.8 v). Temps are about 1.6 or 1.4 (48.2 F).\u201d Self-radiation, even without mirrors, had cooled the LCRU about 13 degrees since activation at the start of EVA-1. This was a very good sign that we would not have thermal problems with the LCRU.<\/p>\n

\u201c\u2026And we have a good picture there, Geno,\u201d Parker commented almost immediately. \u201cThank you.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cAlready, huh?\u201d Cernan had aligned the large S-Band at the end of EVA-1 and, for some reason, sounded surprised that it had remained so, possibly forgetting that the Earth would not have changed its relative position to Taurus-Littrow as the Moon’s near side always faces the Earth.<\/p>\n

\u201cAlready.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWell, let me just tweak you up a little bit,\u201d continued Cernan. \u201cOkay, I\u2019ve got you (the Earth) tweaked, right in the middle [of the antenna bore sight].\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cThank you. And, Gene, after you finish closing up both those battery covers up front there, why don\u2019t you go back and give us that [Rover battery] temperature reading and then put the [battery bus] breakers in and then give us another temperature reading on the batteries.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYes, sir; I\u2019ll do that. Jack, here, let\u2019s get (deploy) the [PLSS] antennas\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYou want to get [bend lower]?\u201d I asked. \u2026\u201cYou want to hang on the Rover?\u201d I needed to be able to reach the top of the OPS that attached to the top of the PLSS.<\/p>\n

\u201cI guess\u2026 Well, okay.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI think it\u2019s easier,\u201d I reminded him.<\/p>\n

\u201cNow, I\u2019m low, so get mine, now. I\u2019m [standing] in a hole.\u201d Cernan has about three inches more height than I, making a big difference in seeing the top of the OPS where the antenna is fastened down.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay; you\u2019re [antenna is] up. \u2026Standby. \u2026Get down there yet [again]. Got to secure the [OPS thermal] flaps. Okay, you\u2019re all right,\u201d I said, as I bent my knees as much as possible so he could do the same for me.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, your [antenna is] up\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay.\u201d I then went to the left rear of the Rover to start the activation of the SEP. \u201cPower switch is going to STANDBY. And the temperature is 80 [degrees F]. (The SEP receiver has a temperature sensor that will shut the instrument off if it gets warmer than 108\u00baF.) And I\u2019ll close the blankets\u2026 You know what [has] happened? The Velcro came unbonded. That\u2019s why those [SEP dust covers] don\u2019t hold down. We probably ought to get a piece of tape on those. Because they\u2019ve got a set [of radiators] and it\u2019s going to get dusty. The blankets [are loose]\u2026 There\u2019s no Velcro left to hold the SEP blankets down, Bob.\u201d<\/span> I left it to the Science Support Room to worry about this new problem while I continued down the Checklist and went back to the ladder to get the ETB.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, I copy that, Jack,\u201d acknowledged Parker.<\/p>\n

\u201cDo you have a reading on the gravimeter?\u201d I asked Parker as I approached the Challenger<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, I took a [calibration] reading, Jack,\u201d Cernan replied, thinking I was talking to him.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s measuring right now, Jack,\u201d Parker answered, \u201cwe\u2019ll get it (the new reading) later.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cAll right,\u201d Cernan said.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. I hope I didn\u2019t hit it with some dust,\u201d I reported, coming to a quick stop at the ladder near the TGE.<\/p>\n

\u201cHey, it is not measuring, Bob.\u201d Cernan reminded him.<\/p>\n

\u201cOh, that\u2019s right. Sorry about that,\u201d apologized Parker.<\/p>\n

\u201c\u2026All I did was take a reading. I turned it on and took a reading,\u201d continued Cernan.<\/p>\n

\u201cYou\u2019re right, you\u2019re right, and I\u2019m wrong.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201c\u2026The [unpowered Rover] battery temperatures are 0 and 0,\u201d Cernan noted, showing that no bias existed in the gauge with power off.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cBob, there\u2019s your pendulum,\u201d I told Parker in response to his pre-mission request that I push the LEC a little to demonstrate pendulum motion in one-sixth gravity. Actually, my push excited several oscillation modes in addition to a pendulum motion. \u201cIt\u2019s not a very good one (demonstration). I\u2019ll work on that. \u2026Are you going to be there for a minute, Gene?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cJust putting these batteries [breakers] in,\u201d Cernan replied. \u201cI\u2019m done on this,\u201d Then to Parker, he said, \u201cOh, you\u2019ll be glad to hear this. We got 70 [degrees] on Battery 1 and about 92 on Battery 2.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cBeautiful! Beautiful \u2014 70 and 92. I copy.\u201d Parker\u2019s excitement came from the indication that the radiative cooling of the Rover\u2019s wax thermal sink since the end of EVA-1 worked as designed by radiating heat to deep space. The respective temperatures at the end of EVA-1 had been 108 and 123 degrees.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYes, sir!\u201d exclaimed Cernan, happy to have one less thing to worry about. \u201cLet me just verify this (navigation circuit breaker) is in, Jack, and I\u2019ll be all done. \u2026Okay. You\u2019ve got it. I\u2019m all done.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, here\u2019s your \u2018old\u2019 fender,\u201d I said as I brought the ETB to the Rover and began to distribute its contents as required for the upcoming traverse. I had not noticed that Cernan had gone to the MESA to open a new Sample Return Container (SRC-2).<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, I\u2019ll work on that\u2026shortly. \u2026Well, I think I\u2019m going to INTERMEDIATE cooling to start with here.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. I think I will, too. That\u2019s a good idea.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOne zap of cold (MAX cooling) to see if it\u2019s working. \u2026It\u2019s working,\u201d observed Cernan as a pulse of cold water coursed through his long underwear (LGC). \u201cAnd back to INTERMEDIATE\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

Meanwhile, I took film magazines out of the ETB and put most of them under Cernan\u2019s rover seat. Looking at my Cuff Checklist, I said, \u201cOkay. [There are] lots of mags. \u2026Okay, Mag Romeo is going to go on the old 500 [mm camera] in a minute. Mag India is in there. Mag Kilo\u2026Mag Juliet\u2026Mag Bravo, Mag Delta.\u201d I suspect that I was all business in using normal piloting names for the magazines, rather than using women\u2019s names as I had on EVA-1, because of a focus on getting to the traverse to Station 2 and the South Massif as quickly as possible.<\/p>\n

Over at the MESA with SRC-2, Cernan anticipates not being able to keep the lid closed after sealing the interior roll of ultra clean aluminum in a sample bag, \u201cI have the same problem with this SRC [as with the last one], I\u2019ll bet. \u2026Okay, Bob, the SRC organic sample has been sealed. And the SRC lid is staying almost closed, about 2 or 3 inches open; if that\u2019s fine, I\u2019d like to leave that.<\/p>\n

\u201cGo ahead and leave it, Gene,\u201d Parker replied, quickly. \u201cIf it\u2019s not [okay], we\u2019ll get back with you on it.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. I\u2019m going to hit your gravimeter here,\u201d continued Cernan as he punched the GRAV button to get a new reading started. \u201cMARK it, \u2026and the light is flashing.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cPolarizing filter\u2026utility light clamps\u2026scissors,\u201d I noted as I finished emptying the ETB at the Rover.<\/p>\n

\u201cAnd, Jack,\u201d Parker said, \u201c[if] you\u2019re getting ready to take care of the charge, remember EP-4 (1\/8 pound) goes between the Rover seats, and EP-5 (3 pound) we\u2019re going to put on one of the footpads in the Sun. Probably either the minus Z (east) or the minus Y (south) footpad, whichever is more convenient. Probably the minus Z is. Just as long as it is sitting in the Sun is the important thing on the (choice of) footpad.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay\u2026\u201d Taking these two seismic charges off the back of the Rover allowed me to discard the first charge transporter under the Challenger<\/em>, freeing up its mounting spot for the second transporter holding charges 1, 2, 3 and 8.<\/p>\n

\u201cBoy, oh boy!\u201d exclaims Cernan as he tries to remove a new LCRU battery from the MESA. \u201cGoing to be a\u2026 Why won\u2019t that come out? \u2026Well, Bob, I\u2019m having a little trouble getting the LCRU battery out. I\u2019ll have to go back and use two hands.\u201d He tried to remove the battery with a new Sample Containment Bag in his other hand.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. That sounds like a familiar problem,\u201d Parker said.<\/p>\n

\u201cWell, you got any \u2018familiar\u2019 answers?\u201d Cernan said, a little irritated at Parker\u2019s flippant comment.<\/p>\n

\u201cSomeone who\u2019s been there before,\u201d Parker, with John Young sitting beside him in the MOCR, \u201csays you just got to work it back and forth until it comes loose.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. \u2026I can get that, Jack,\u201d Cernan said to me as I brought the ETB back to hang on its lanyard at the ladder. \u201cI\u2019ve got to\u2026work here anyway.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWant to hang it (the ETB) up?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

I then took EP-5 to the sunny -Z footpad. \u201cOkay, Bob, it\u2019s on the minus Z [pad] and\u2026one corner is facing directly into the Sun. \u2026That\u2019s EP-5.\u201d Facing a corner into the sun would warm two of the four sides of the charge.<\/p>\n

\u201cRoger that. And I copy [charge] number 4 was put between the seat.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, it\u2019s between the seat, or will be very soon.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cBoy, this is ridiculous. Ridiculous,\u201d complained Cernan as he continued to try to get a good grip on the LCRU battery in the back of the MESA.<\/p>\n

\u201cWhoops,\u201d I said as I headed to the Rover but then turned around, reminding myself, \u201cI need that other [EP] transporter.\u201d This meant going to the Challenger\u2019s <\/em>Quad II equipment bay where the transporter was stowed.<\/p>\n

\u201cWell,\u201d Cernan said, still struggling at the MESA, \u201cit\u2019s nothing worth getting upset about it, but it sure makes you start out [behind]\u2026when you shouldn\u2019t have to [delay] this way.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cCome on,\u201d I reminded him, \u201cjust don\u2019t wear your hands out now.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cNeed a little help?\u201d I asked.<\/p>\n

\u201cNo, I think I can do it, just got to wiggle\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201c\u2026Jiggle it gently and sort of let it come free there,\u201d Parker broke in, passing on advice from Young. \u201cIt\u2019s a matter of it wedging itself in, of course, on the parallel rails.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah. I\u2026I see what\u2019s happening, Bob. \u2026It\u2019s still ridiculous.\u201d Cernan was still irritated at Parker’s unnecessary analysis.<\/p>\n

Moving on with my tasks, I asked, \u201cBob, did you hear my comment about the\u2026about the SEP receiver?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cRoger. That the [thermal] blankets won\u2019t stay closed. We\u2019re talking about that down here.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cBoy, a bag of [packing] peanuts!\u201d Cernan exclaimed, as he finally worked the battery out of the MESA. \u201cWhew!! Man in space. Without them we\u2019d be lost.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWithout them we wouldn\u2019t have the LCRU and the MESA probably,\u201d I added with a chuckle.<\/p>\n

\u201cManischewitz. Okay. Let me see what I can do for you while I\u2019m here. Okay. \u2026\u2018LCRU battery under seat [and] Dust Brush to LCRU.\u2019 Okay. I\u2019ll go get that; then I\u2019ll get to work,\u201d Cernan said as he went over to the ladder hook for the brush.<\/p>\n

\u201cHey, Bob, what\u2019s my shadow length right now?\u201d Again, I wanted to calibrate my EVA-2 shadow \u201cruler\u201d to help me estimate near-field sizes and distances.<\/p>\n

\u201cStand by. I\u2019ll ask. \u2026We\u2019ll get it for you momentarily. \u2026Okay, Jack. We\u2019ve got four-point-five meters or one-five feet.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201c4.5 meters, huh? Hmmm,\u201d I mused as I pondered how long my shadow looked. My estimate was about 3 meters. From then on, I added a factor of 50% to my estimates of distances and crater diameters.<\/p>\n

\u201c15 feet!?\u201d said a surprised Cernan. \u201cIs that how long I am on the ground? No wonder I\u2019ve misjudged distance! Zap! \u2026Hello there, Houston,\u201d he continued, waving at the TV.<\/p>\n

\u201cHello there,\u201d Parker replied. \u2026Okay, Jack. And do we have the new charge transporter on the pallet?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019ll say yes, but you could have looked for yourself [with the TV].\u201d I was beginning to resent responding to every little question, but, in fairness, Ed Fendell followed his own whims on where to point the TV in spite of the fact that the Checklist roughly choreographed our activities.<\/p>\n

\u201cWell, we just looked away.\u201d The Flight Director should have insisted that the TV follow the action as closely as possible. Cameras that automatically track individual crew may aid future interactions during lunar and Martian operations.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, it\u2019s here,\u201d Cernan answered. \u201cIt\u2019s here, Bob.<\/p>\n

\u201cCopy that. I won\u2019t ask if we got the L-C-R-U battery. That one, I did see.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, we got it. You don\u2019t think I\u2019d leave it here.\u201d The LCRU battery would be carried under his Rover seat as backup.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. \u2026[SCB] 7 [goes to the gate]. \u2026Boy, this gate\u2019s working like a charm. \u2018Transfer from [SCB-] 5 to 7\u2019.\u201d While I went to the Challenger\u2019s<\/em> 8:00 o\u2019clock position (southeast) to take another color photographic panorama, Cernan moved three core tubes, a core tube cap dispenser, and two extra packs of sample bags from EVA-1\u2019s SCB 5 to SCB-7, and then he put SCB-7 under my seat. The empty SCB-5 is supposed to go on his PLSS, SCB-4 on mine, and SCB-6 on the gate.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe (photographic) pan\u2019s complete (AS17 137 20867-93). \u2026And, Bob, those pans around here have more pictures (than normal 12-photo pans) because I\u2019m having\u2026to be sure I get the massifs; I\u2019m having to take extra pictures.\u201d This panorama site was opposite the Challenger\u2019s<\/em> 8:00 o\u2019clock position, opposite the now re-covered QUAD III where the ALSEP had been stowed.<\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.2.<\/strong> Part of my 8:00 o\u2019clock pan showing the LM, the North Massif, and albedo contrasts caused by foot and LRV tracks. The arrow on the North Massif at right marks the location of the boulder at Station 6 we will sample on EVA-3. (Composite of NASA photos AS17-137-20872\u201320875).<\/span><\/p>\n

[The first frames of the panorama provide excellent views of the South Massif, Family Mountain, and the North Massif. They also show a strong albedo contrast between the regolith surface and the underlying dark regolith exposed by our foot and rover traffic. This contrast results from the Descent Engine exhaust gases winnowing of dark fine particles away from higher albedo coarse particles. Frame 20875 includes the boulders we planned to visit at Station 6 on EVA-3. The crossing trough lineations on the Sculptured Hills noted on the photographs taken at Station 1 remain visible at this ~12 degree higher sun position. The similarity in the physiographic appearances of the East Massif, Bear Mountain and Sculptured Hills shows well in frame 20882.]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. \u2026And I guess we\u2019d suggest that, if you haven\u2019t talked about it already, that you work on the fender before you do the Geo Prep (geology traverse preparation). You don\u2019t have your cameras and bags to worry about at that point.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWould that be a good time for Jack to go to the ALSEP, do you think? Or do you think we both have to do this fender?\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.3.<\/strong> Another part of the 8:00 o\u2019clock pan showing a portion of the Sculptured Hills at far left, the East Massif in the middle, and Bear Mountain at right. The foot traffic is leading towards Poppie Crater. (Composite of NASA photos A17-137-20881\u201320883).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cNo. The ALSEP work we\u2019re not going to do until the end of the EVA. \u2026And, Jack, if Cernan\u2019s working there on unstowing SCB whatever-it-is\u2014 5, yeah, 5\u2014 maybe when you put the camera down, you might want to shoot off a few 500-millimeter frames of the North and South Massifs, if they look interesting. I can\u2019t tell from the TV. That might be an opportune time to grab a couple.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cIf they look interesting!?\u201d I said, not believing Parker could say such a thing. \u201cIf they look interesting!? Now what kind of thing is that to say?\u201d<\/p>\n

Ignoring my sarcasm, Parker, continued, \u201cThen, when Gene gets done configuring that SCB-5, we\u2019d like to get on with the fender fix. Then, we\u2019ll do the Geo Prep after that.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWe\u2019ll get on with it, Bob,\u201d Cernan acknowledged.<\/p>\n

\u201cMy God, we got a lot of loose stuff in SCB-7,\u201d I commented. \u201cOkay, Bob. I got three core tubes. \u2026Well, wait a minute. \u2026Only got one core cap dispenser. Let me get the other one. \u2026Well, that\u2019s (one) all I wanted. Okay: \u2018three core tubes, two 20-bag dispensers, one core cap dispenser, and the short can.\u2019 \u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cJack\u2026\u201d Cernan called.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah. Are you ready to work [on the fender]?\u201d I replied, wrongly anticipating his question.<\/p>\n

\u201c\u2026see this [piece of glass] right here?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019m going to put that right there [for later].\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, \u2026Are you ready to work?\u201d I asked, while preparing to take a series of 500 mm photographs of the slopes of the Massifs.<\/p>\n

\u201cJust let me turn my [Checklist] page here. \u2026Almost [ready]; stand by. \u2026Okay. I already got one [SCB] on the gate\u2026 That didn\u2019t count. \u2026Okay. \u2026[Jack, do you] want a couple of 20-bag dispensers [to hang on the cameras]?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWell, I\u2019m waiting for you to\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWell, let\u2019s get this done.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYou want to\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cHere,\u201d Cernan said as he handed me the 20-bag dispensers.<\/p>\n

\u201cWell, what are you doing now?\u201d I asked, wondering when we were going to work on the fender.<\/p>\n

\u201cI was just getting this gear out now to work on the fender.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay,\u201d I said, putting the 500 mm camera on Cernan\u2019s Rover seat.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019m not to Geo Prep yet,\u201d he said as he finished shuffling SCBs around.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cHere you are,\u201d Cernan said as he held out the dispensers.<\/p>\n

\u201cWait a minute.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWe\u2019ll just set these [dispensers] here [on your seat]. \u2026And there\u2019s another one. Okay; SCB-7 goes under your seat.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. I\u2019ll get that. \u2026Your camera has the (sample) bags on it,\u201d I informed him.<\/p>\n

\u201cYou might just put it (the camera) there, and I\u2019ll come over and get those [fender] maps and everything\u2026\u201d Strangely, almost as if he was avoiding working on the fender he broke, Cernan was jumping back and forth, apparently thinking about the fender but still trying to stick with items called out in the Cuff Checklist. He finally settled on finishing his Checklist items. \u201cThat (SCB-7) goes under your seat. Let me get [SCB] 4. Okay, we got [SCBs] 4 and 6. I\u2019m going to start on the [fender]. \u2026We got SCB-4. \u2026[It] goes to you, and SCB-6 goes on the gate, yet, Jack, but let\u2019s pick that up with Geo Prep, and let me get that fender gear. Where\u2019s the (new fender)?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s in your seat pan.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cIn my seat pan? Okay.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI should have put it over here [in my seat pan]. That was just where it ended up.\u201d I normally unloaded the ETB at Cernan\u2019s Rover seat.<\/p>\n

\u201cYou already use the 500?\u201d Cernan asked.<\/p>\n

\u201cNo, I didn\u2019t get a chance to,\u201d I answered as I configured the EVA-2 maps on the accessory staff mounted on my side of the Rover console.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. You might do it while I try the fender, and then you\u2019re here to help me in case I need it.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cAll your (fender) stuff\u2019s right there, Gene.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOh, okay. I see it. Well, let\u2019s hope it does the job\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, SCB-7\u2019s in (under) my seat,\u201d I said. \u201cAnd I put the return-to-LM map in there, too; it\u2019s just going to be in the way anywhere else. \u2026Let me check something, though,\u201d I mused looking at that map. \u201cOn the way to Hole-in-the-Wall, we want to drive\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201c[toward the] top of the notch,\u201d finished Parker.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cHope this thing [replacement fender] gets stiff,\u201d Cernan stated. \u201cIt\u2019s just a flapper [now]. Sure isn\u2019t stiff like I want it to be.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYou want me to hold it there [on the inside fender rail]?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, you\u2019re going to have to, I reckon. But, that may do the job. Let\u2019s see, does it (the new fender) come over the [full old fender]? \u2026I want it about right above the axle. \u2026Move your hand a minute. Let me align it. Okay. Hold it right there. Let me get the [clamp]\u2026\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cLet me move it up just a little bit. \u2026Right there. Okay. Hold it right there. Let me see how much room I\u2019ve got coming out. \u2026I want to turn this [clamp] around [90 degrees]. We can tape that other end, Jack. There you go.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s tending to fold a little bit [in the middle],\u201d I observed.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cI think\u2026 Yeah, but the dust will be coming up from under it. Let\u2019s see.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201c[Higher] temperature [from the sun on it], I think, is making it fold.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cNow, that\u2019ll give us plenty of room down there. Yeah, I just don\u2019t want to interfere with the steering.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYou think that\u2019ll stop the dust that way?\u201d I asked.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWell, it\u2019ll stop some of it, if it stays on,\u201d Cernan replied, hopefully.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWell, what I mean, it\u2019s not projecting outward at all. It\u2019s curling back under.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWell, when I put a clamp here, and a clamp here, [let\u2019s] see what will happen?\u201d He demonstrates how the taped maps turn into a more ridged partial tube when held against the inner and outer rails of the old fender.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOh, okay. \u2026Is that about where you want it? \u2026Lean against me, if you need to,\u201d I offered as Cernan had difficulty reaching the position of the inboard clamp.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cTrying to figure out\u2026 No, I\u2019ve got to clamp it right on that rail; it\u2019s (there\u2019s) not much to clamp it to on the inside,\u201d Cernan noted.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cNo,\u201d I said as he rotated the clamp knob towards the ground. \u201cKeep the knob up. There, you got it.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cHold it right there. We got it all folded up on this side?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWhy don\u2019t you try the outside [first],\u201d I suggested.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cLet it (the new fender) go a minute, okay?<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWhy don\u2019t you try the outside, first? Fix it [in position],\u201d I suggested, thinking that it would be easier to put the clamp on there and anchoring it into position for the inside clamp.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cInside first [would] probably be better, guys,\u201d Parker interjected, passing on advice from Young, sitting next to him at the Capcomm Console.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cGot enough overlap there?\u201d I asked, as Cernan ignored Young\u2019s advice and took mine.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cNope, I want a little more.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Ignoring Young\u2019s advice, Cernan says, \u201cAnd I am going to try this side because I can get my overlap over here. \u2026Okay. Now, hold it right there while I clamp it down. \u2026Well, that paper [fender] isn\u2019t going to come off, and the clamp\u2019s not going to come off, I\u2019ll say that. I don\u2019t know how much we\u2019re going to get out of the fender but\u2026\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, that\u2019s fixed [in position]?\u201d I asked.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cCan you fix that [tighter] at all?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYep. That ought to give us a little strengthening, stiffening. \u2026Yeah.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cPretty tight,\u201d I agreed.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYep,\u201d he grunted, continuing to turn the clamp knob slightly. \u201cTighter for the road. I don\u2019t want to lose that. \u2026Man, that\u2019s tight. Now, let\u2019s see if I can get this one [on the inside]\u2026 Jack, why don\u2019t you come on this side (rear) and hold the fender down right there\u2026\u201d We trade places. \u201cHold it right about there.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. You want to get it (the clamp) outboard a little more. \u2026I mean aft?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cNo, I want to keep it above this center, \u2026the hub here, \u2026for steering purposes,\u201d he declared.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, Okay. \u2026Is that fixed for the\u2026\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWell\u2026 I\u2019ll take a look at it. I\u2019m going to tighten it down [some] so it stays, then I\u2019m going to take a look at it. I might turn this thing (second clamp) down, too.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah; I was just going to suggest that\u2026\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cLet me take a look before I get it too tight. \u2026Well, I\u2019ll tell you, that\u2019s (the new fender) going to help some.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYup. It may do the trick,\u201d I agreed.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cI can\u2019t see what\u2019s under this rail too well, but I know that clamp is on. It\u2019s on tight.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cGene, it looks [good],\u201d I said in encouragement.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cLet me move this [edge a little]\u2026\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cMove your left hand a little [so I can get a better grip],\u201d I requested. \u201cOkay. Tighten that now.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cGet this out of the way.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cLooks as if [the new fender twisted],\u201d I observed.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cLet me loosen it, and get it a little straighter.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, I think you need to straighten it,\u201d I agreed.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cBoy, I had it tight,\u201d said Cernan as he loosened the inboard clamp.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, but you know you\u2019ve got another piece [of old fender] in there so\u2026.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, that\u2019s why it\u2019s crooked, it\u2019s over those [broken] pieces.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah,\u201d I responded. \u201cWell, you might want to move it. \u2026If you could move it this way about\u2026an inch, you\u2019d be past the ridge you got [hung up on].\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWell, I\u2019m just taking John\u2019s (Young) word on the steering,\u201d explained Cernan<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019m keeping [the clamp] above the hub here,\u201d he pointed out, again.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay; tighten her down then. \u2026I think that\u2019ll stay.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cI think it\u2019ll stay!\u201d exclaimed Cernan.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWhy don\u2019t I turn this one (clamp knob),\u201d pointing to the outboard clamp and its ball and socket position adjustment.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. You won\u2019t get that any tighter,\u201d answered Cernan, misunderstanding my intention.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cNo, I mean, why don\u2019t I turn that [clamp knob position adjustment] down because it\u2019ll [be] that much less to run into [around the wheel]. \u2026There you go,\u201d I encourage Cernan as he makes the adjustment.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWell, not too close to that wheel. Okay?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cI think that\u2019s good.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cToo bad we don\u2019t have one more clamp,\u201d Cernan said, wishfully. \u201cWell, one more clamp would probably interfere with the steering.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cI think that\u2019ll stop the [forward] rooster tail,\u201d I concluded, \u201cbecause that\u2019s [what\u2019s] swinging [dust] forward\u2026\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cI think that\u2019ll stop a lot of it, Houston,\u201d reported Cernan.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.4a.<\/strong> Result of the Rover fender repair that employed four, unneeded chronopaque field maps, taped together with gray duct tape, and attached to the broken fender rails with two auxiliary lamp light clamps from the Challenger\u2019s<\/em> cabin. This view shows the repair at the start of the drive from the LM to Station 2. (NASA Photo AS17-135-20542.)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. Let\u2019s go,\u201d I urged, knowing that we had just lost another five minutes.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe [EVA] maps are configured,\u201d I reported as I got back to the Checklist items.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.4b.<\/strong> The status of the fender repair after driving ~8 km to Station 2. It has withstood the rigors of the drive extremely well\u2014 note the dust on the blue Traverse Gravimeter mounted on the Geopallet. In this view, I am already seated for the drive to Station 3. An as yet unfilled Sample Containment Bag (SCB) #8 is mounted on the right side of my PLSS just outside the auxiliary water cylinder (NASA photo AS17-137-20979).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThat sounds like a good attempt, men,\u201d Parker said, referring to the fender repair. \u201cWe\u2019ll hope it works.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cDoes that look good to John,\u201d Cernan asked, noting that the TV was inspecting our work, \u201cfrom what he did? That tape will keep it\u2026\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cIt looks exactly what his did, he (John Young) says.\u201d \u201c<\/strong>Yeah, but he didn\u2019t run in the dust [down there],\u201d Cernan replied, \u201cso I guess we\u2019ll have to give it a trial run. That\u2019ll help some.\u201d (See Figs. 11.4a,b<\/strong>)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cRoger on that. We\u2019re anxiously waiting.<\/p>\n

\u201c<\/strong>Okay, Jack. I\u2019m going to HIGH [cooling] for a little bit. Okay. I need\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOh, shoot,\u201d I said, as I handed Cernan an SCB. I had grabbed the wrong SCB from the MESA, trying to gain a little time.<\/p>\n

\u201cNo, I want [SCB-] 4.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI took 8 off [the MESA].<\/p>\n

\u201cNo, sir. I want 4 and 6\u2026 Why don\u2019t you just substitute…<\/p>\n

\u201cHey, I just took 8 off,\u201d I called to Parker. \u201cCan we use 8 instead of 6?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, we can,\u201d Cernan agreed.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah,\u201d Parker also agreed. \u201cI don\u2019t see there\u2019s any reason why you shouldn\u2019t be able to use that, Jack. Go ahead. We\u2019ll just mark it down.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. Turn around, Jack. Hey, Bob, we\u2019ll use 8 instead of 4 [on Jack\u2019s PLSS].\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cUnderstand 8 will be on the LMP.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cThat\u2019s affirm; 8 will be on the LMP.\u201d It was important to make sure that the Lunar Receiving Laboratory knew which bag contained which samples.<\/p>\n

\u201cGeno, you went to MIN [cooling] instead of MAX,\u201d I warned him as I had a good look at the forward, lower right corner of his PLSS.<\/p>\n

\u201cI think you\u2019re right. I just realized that\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cGot it (SCB-8 on my PLSS)?\u201d I asked Cernan.<\/p>\n

\u201cYep, let me go to MAX here for a minute. We need [SCB-] 6 off of there, Jack.\u201d Actually, SCB-6 was planned to go on the gate.<\/p>\n

\u201cOh, 5 stays back here, huh?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWe need 6 to the gate,\u201d Cernan said, now referring to his Checklist. \u201cIt\u2019s probably behind 4 [on the Pallet], isn\u2019t it?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, probably,\u201d I replied.<\/p>\n

\u201cWell, put 4 on the gate, guys, \u2026and put 5 on the Commander,\u201d Parker suggested.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah. Okay,\u201d I responded. \u201c4 is going on the gate and 5 on the Commander.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, Bob,\u201d Cernan added, \u201ca little paperwork for you, but that\u2019s all right.\u201d We depended on Ray Zedekar, Dan Bland, and John Covington at the EVA console to keep track of these kinds of changes. \u201cNow, I got to do some more stowing on you when you get that (SCB-4) on [the gate].\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cThey\u2019re in the [the hooks on the gate]. \u2026Where do you want me?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201c[Give me] your left side.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI mean\u2026which way are you going to turn?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOh, man, does that Velcro get tough. \u2026Okay, you\u2019ve got a core cap dispenser [in the bag]. Stand by; let me fix these (straps) for you while I\u2019m here. \u2026Okay. Here\u2019s your doffing harness on this side. Don\u2019t move yet, I\u2019ve got something I\u2019ve got to do to you.\u201d He needed to get the drive tube rammer for my SRC.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay; turn around,\u201d he requested. \u201cI\u2019ll get your harness on the other (right) side.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cLet me get yours (harness), too,\u201d I reminded him.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, there you go,\u201d Cernan said as he finished. \u201cOkay, you\u2019ve got a cap dispenser, you\u2019ve got a [drive tube] rammer, and you\u2019ve got\u2026well, I guess SCB-8, if I\u2019m not mistaken.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, that\u2019s all right, they got it [recorded,\u201d I said and then went to work on his harness. \u201cOkay. That\u2019s one (side of your PLSS harness).\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. You can give me SCB-5 then, and\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, \u2026Can you move? \u2026Move a little bit [away from the gate]. There you go. \u2026Okay. There you are.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYou got it?\u201d said Cernan as he started to move away.<\/p>\n

\u201cNo.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019m sorry.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cIn fact, I\u2019ve got to tighten up your [straps],\u201d I told him.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe\u2019ve got to take a picture of that fender, if it works,\u201d Cernan reminded himself.<\/p>\n

\u201cWait a minute. No. \u2026If you weren\u2019t so tall, \u2026you just invariably stand so I have to get in a hole! Okay. Now let me tighten up your whole shooting match here. It\u2019s loose again. Hang on.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cBetween Velcro and snaps, the world could never fall apart. \u2026Okay\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cAll set?\u201d Cernan asked.<\/p>\n

\u201cYou\u2019re set,\u201d I answered.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. I\u2019m going to get a hammer, and then I\u2019ll get the TGE [reading].\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019m going to get my camera,\u201d I informed him, \u201cand I\u2019ll go to the SEP site.\u201d This would be a run of about 140 meters. I also grabbed the LRV Sampler in case a \u201crock of opportunity\u201d presented itself.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. Why don\u2019t you start to the SEP site, Jack,\u201d Parker broke in, possibly not hearing me, although, with his Maxwell Smart (character from the U.S. TV Sitcom “Get Smart”<\/em><\/span><\/a>, 1965-1970) sense of humor, you never knew. \u201cAnd, also, I presume that the Dust Brush is on the Rover now.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cIt is,\u201d replied Cernan.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. Copy that.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cJack, when I drive out there [to pick you up] why don\u2019t you watch the rear wheel.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI will. Give me a yell when you start to drive.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201c[Watch] both the steering and the rooster tail. \u2026Oh, I hope it (TGE reading) is not all zeros. Okay, Bob. 670, 017, 701; 670, 017, 701. \u2026Okay, and the SCB is good. It\u2019s closed. It\u2019s in the shade\u2026or \u2018SRC\u2019, I guess.\u201d There was always some confusion between the SCB, the Sample Containment Bag on our PLSSs, and the \u201cSRB,\u201d the Sample Retaining Bag used at the Challenger<\/em> for large samples. That was why we usually referred to the SRB as the \u201cBig Bag.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. And, Jack,\u201d Parker called, \u201cwhen you get out to the SEP site, you might give us a reading on what the solar panels look like. \u2026How [did] they survive the night with the tape on them?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI wouldn\u2019t think of not doing that. I\u2019m curious myself,\u201d I said.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe TGE is on the LRV,\u201d announced Cernan. \u201cOkay. I\u2019m making an inventory. I\u2019ve got the LCRU battery. Okay. We got [seismic charges] 1, 3 and 2 and 8; LCRU blankets are OPEN 100 percent. Battery covers are CLOSED. Dust Brush is on the LCRU. TGE is on the Rover. Jack, can you verify we got the right mags and a polar filter\u2026Polarization [filter]?<\/p>\n

\u201cYes, sir. I verified that.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cVery good.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYou better put that 500 [mm camera] back under the seat,\u201d I reminded him.<\/p>\n

\u201cYep. That\u2019s where it\u2019s going.\u201d<\/p>\n

I reached the SEP after a little less than two minutes of \u201cskiing\u201d. This relatively slow rate of 4.5 km\/hr resulted from my stopping to look closely at some of the larger boulders as I skied by.<\/p>\n

\u201cWell, Bob, it looks like [the SEP] tape survived. As I stand behind the panels, the left-hand panel may be tilted at about\u2026well, less than 5 degrees. Probably about 2 or 3 [degrees], but that\u2019s all. Looks pretty good right now.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay; beautiful. Thank you. Good fix.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, Bob, I\u2019m going to take the TV from you,\u201d Cernan said.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.5.<\/strong> My cross-sun photo of rock sample 70275 (white circle) ca. 2 m from the SEP. The white rectangle marks the location of the enlargement below showing the \u201crain-drop\u201d regolith pattern in most of this photo. (NASA photo AS17-135-20539).<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u201cAnd the [SEP] transmitter\u2019s going ON. \u2026If I can do it without destroying it,\u201d I said with a laugh, trying not to stumble into the transmitter. Along with the LRV Sampler, I should have taken my scoop with me to lean on.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah. That\u2019s (bending) hard to do out there, Jack,\u201d Cernan sympathized. \u201cOkay. TV camera going Position (Mode) 1 (OFF).\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201c[SEP] Transmitter\u2019s on. [I\u2019ll] fix the level there. \u2026Okay. The level is on the inner ring again. The gnomon [shadow] has moved a little bit, but not much. But you would expect that, I guess,\u201d noting that the Sun had moved south a few degrees as well as west about 11 degrees since I deployed the transmitter near the end of EVA-1.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah,\u201d agreed Parker. \u201cSeeing [that] the other end of the gnomon up there in the sky (the Sun) has moved a little bit.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah. That\u2019s what I said.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay,\u201d Cernan said as he took inventory before climbing back on the Rover. \u201cCamera, tongs, and I\u2019ll drive. West [SEP antenna] leg, heading 270. Camera is on [my RCU]. Bob, I\u2019m on\u2026I guess [frame] 26. Yes sir, frame 27, mag Charlie.\u201d<\/p>\n

As I bagged a sample while waiting for Cernan, I said, \u201cI had to relearn how to document samples, Bob. I just have. The first part of my [film] roll, will have a lot of random exposures and focuses (AS17-135-20536,-37)<\/span>. \u2026Okay, we\u2019re back in business. And while I\u2019m waiting for Gene, [I\u2019m] getting a rock. It looks a little finer grained than the others we\u2019ve seen.<\/span> [It\u2019s] in the LRV sampler along with some soil., and that\u2019s (sampling) done. Hey, that\u2019s a neat sampler\u2014 only way to fly. Okay. And that\u2019s in bag 22E (70270-75; <\/strong>see Fig. 11.5\u2191<\/strong><\/span><\/a>). It has the stereo documentation (AS17-135-20539,-40) and a locator to the LM (AS17-135-20541), and it\u2019s about 2 meters from the SEP\u2026 22 Echo,\u201d I repeated.<\/p>\n

\u201cRoger. Copy that. Did you ever find any sign of that brown, fine-grained rock you saw on the way out to the SEP yesterday?\u201d<\/p>\n

Ignoring Parker\u2019s ribbing about his sampling of some packing material the day before, Cernan said, \u201cBob, let me give you some readings, so I can get going\u2026 Amp hours, 108, 100; volts are 68, 68; batteries are 80 and 102; and motors are all off-scale low. I\u2019m on the way. \u2026On the way, Jack.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019m waiting.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOh, there you are over there, huh?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cAnd, Jack, how\u2019s the rooster tail look on that fender?\u201d Parker asked.<\/p>\n

\u201cLooks like it\u2019s (rooster tail) going backwards,\u201d I said as I took a photo (AS17-135-20541) of the Rover in motion.<\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.6.<\/strong> An enlargement from the photo I took of Cernan on his way to the SEP showing the rooster tails being interrupted by fenders on three of the rover wheels. The repaired fender is on the right rear wheel and is invisible in this view but clearly not allowing dust to spray forward. (From NASA photo AS17-135-20541).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201c<\/strong>I don\u2019t see anything coming up over the top,\u201d observed Cernan.<\/p>\n

\u201cLooks like a good fix,\u201d I concluded as he came closer to me.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, Jack; I got to come around. \u2026I\u2019m going to come on this side (north) and head west.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u2018Okay. Watch those [antenna lines]. \u2026You got the [SEP] antennas [in sight]?\u201d I am calling Cernan\u2019s attention to the four, 35m long, perpendicular lines we laid out at the end of EVA-1.<\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019ve got one over here.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, I\u2019ll give you a line on the other one,\u201d I said.<\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019m getting close.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. Turn,\u201d I commanded.<\/p>\n

\u2018Where is it?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cRight here. I\u2019m [standing] on it.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. And I see the other one. \u2026Let me [align the Rover] parallel [to] that line [you are on].\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201c[Point the] Low gain, Gene, please; after you get stopped,\u201d requested Parker.<\/p>\n

\u201cI guess that\u2019s about 2 or 3 meters [from the west antenna wire], huh, Jack? You can better see where it is at.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, that\u2019s good, Geno. Okay\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cHeading 270. \u2026Am I ten meters from the transmitter? Probably not, huh?\u201d<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.7.<\/strong> My LRV navigation calibration starting point photos combined into a pan of the SEP site. The SEP instrument is to the right of the LRV, which is parked parallel to and on this side of the western part of the antenna I laid down at the start of EVA-1. The southern part of the antenna is in one of the tire tracks leading from the SEP package at right. (NASA photos AS17-135-20544, -20545, -20546).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYou\u2019re pretty\u2026no, you need to go about 5 meters [west].\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cHow far am I?\u201d he asked. \u201cSee if it\u2019s okay.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYou\u2019re about 3 meters\u20264 meters [from SEP].\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cHey, Bob, I\u2019m 3 meters to the west of the transmitter and about 2 and 1\/2 meters south of the line going west (see Fig. 11.7<\/strong>). Is that okay?<\/p>\n

\u201cThere\u2019s no problem there, Gene,\u201d answered Parker. \u201cDon\u2019t move. It\u2019s just they had to be less than those numbers.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. That\u2019s where I am.\u201d With the SEP transmitter and receiver ON, we would drive along the west antenna on a constant heading to calibrate the data recorded in the receiver. Afterwards, the receiver collected good data during most of this EVA\u2019s rover traverses.<\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019m getting your photos (AS17-135-20542\u2013546; Fig. 11.7<\/strong>),\u201d I told Parker as I documented the SEP calibration starting point.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay; and let me give them a voltage reading,\u201d Cernan said, \u201cand I\u2019m still reading 68 and 68.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWe don\u2019t need those,\u201d Parker, responded, \u201cwe just got them.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI know, I just wanted to keep you honest,\u201d Cernan said. Parker missed that the Checklist called for this voltage reading at this point.<\/p>\n

\u201cAnd give us the Nav numbers.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201c265 [bearing], 0.2 [distance], and 0.1 [range].\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWe want heading, pitch, roll, and sun dial there, Gene.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. I\u2019m sorry, Bob. \u2026Okay; you want a Nav update here?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cNav initialize, Geno.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYes, sir; you do. \u2026Yes, sir; I\u2019m sorry.\u201d No need to apologize as, by not sticking with the words of the Checklist, Parker had confused things.<\/p>\n

\u201cGo to the next [Checklist] page,\u201d Parker added, unnecessarily.<\/p>\n

\u201cLet me change my [Rover] position here, just a skosh\u2026\u201d Cernan needed to head the Rover directly away from the Sun to get a shadow from the gnomon on the scale on the console. The Sun is 12 degrees south of due east.<\/p>\n

\u201cBob,\u201d I broke in, \u201cwhat was that last LRV sample number I gave you?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cTwenty-two Echo, two-two Echo,\u201d replied Parker.<\/p>\n

\u201c23 Echo (70250-55), <\/strong>if that followed in sequence, is another rock near the SEP, documented in the same way.\u201d<\/p>\n

[Post-mission examination and analysis of rock fragments 70255<\/strong> and 70275 (see <\/span> Fig. 11.5\u2191<\/strong><\/span><\/a>) showed they consist of fine-grained (varoilitic), non-vesicular ilmenite-olivine basalt. Their fine-grained nature suggest relatively near surface crystallization with rapid cooling of the original lava. These basalt samples are unusual, however, in that they only have, respectively, ~15 and 17% plagioclase versus ~ 48 and 45% pyroxene, ~5 and 10% olivine, and ~31 and 26% ilmenite. 70255<\/strong> contains about 2% vugs that probably are partially recrystallized vesicles. 70275<\/strong> has aggregated phenocrysts of olivine and ilmenite in a feathery matrix of pyroxene and plagioclase but no vugs and few vesicles.<\/span><\/p>\n

The composition of 70255<\/strong> lies well within the Type A basalt field whereas 70725<\/strong> falls in the continuum between Type A and Type B basalts at the defined boundry between them. A broad discussion of the petrology, radiometric ages, and internal strutures of mare basalts observed and sampled in Taurus-Littrow, including these two samples, is provided in Chapter 13.<\/span><\/p>\n

A laser ablation 40-39<\/sup>Ar age for 70255<\/strong> has been reported as 3.87 \u00b1 0.02<\/span>[11<\/span>]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong> indicating that it might be older than most other Taurus-Littrow basalt samples; however, evaluation of the very broad range of determined isotopic ages for Taurus-Littrow basalts has not been completed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Micrometeors have eroded all surfaces of 70275<\/strong> (see<\/span> Fig. 11.5\u2191<\/strong><\/span><\/a> enlargement of the heavily bombarded \u201crain drop\u201d surface in which the sample sits), and it has a cosmic ray exposure age of 109 Myr. In contrast, only one surface of 70255<\/strong> has been significantly exposed to micrometeors.<\/span><\/p>\n

The regolith samples, 70250<\/strong> and 70270<\/strong>, that accompanied basalt samples 70255<\/strong> and 70275<\/strong>, respectively, have intermediate Is\/FeO maturity indexes<\/span>[12<\/span><\/strong>]<\/a><\/sup> of 43 and 56, reflecting their relatively high ilmenite content that appears to reduce the rate of maturation (see Chapter 13).]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, Bob. 265, 0.3, 0.1; roll is 1 right, pitch is 0, and the sun-shaft device is 0. I\u2019m heading 281 degrees,\u201d Cernan reported so that the Rover navigation system could be aligned.<\/p>\n

\u201cStand by,\u201d requested Parker, as Bill Perry at the Rover Console in Mission Control calculated what his correct heading should be and how much Cernan should torque the navigation gyroscope to enter that heading.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe [SEP] recorder is ON and the Receive Power switch is ON,\u201d I reported from the right rear of the Rover. \u2026And, [Gene,] I guess you\u2019re going to hand me EP-4,\u201d I said as I temporarily handed EP-4 to Cernan across the Rover console. \u201c[And I\u2019ll] get rid of this [LRV sampler].\u201d I attached the sampler to the Rover\u2019s Accessory Staff for later accessibility. Then, I stood sideways to my seat, gave a leap and a kick, landed about where I intended in the seat. I spent a minute or so hooking up my seat belt, making sure that the belt was not twisted as happened as we left Station 1.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay,\u201d Parker broke in, \u201c282 is the preferred [heading for this update] but that\u2019s too small [an error] to bother torquing, Gene. You\u2019re good as is. We\u2019re ready for you guys to go.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. That looks good, because I have to come left just a skosh there to proceed parallel down the west line.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. We\u2019re ready for you guys to go. We presume you have the SEP photos, Jack.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYes, I do,\u201d I confirmed, as my seat belt latch connected.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. And you can give us a frame count, if you want. Remember to pick up EP-4 when you get in the Rover.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWe got it [(EP-4), and the frame count is 17.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cCopy 17 for the LMP, and we need a NAV RESET to verify there, Gene.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI did NAV RESET; I\u2019m reading all balls (zeros). And it [the display] is back to OFF.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cAnd did you happen to check the SEP temperature when you turned it on, Gene? [I mean,] Jack? The receiver, [that is]?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cNo. I didn\u2019t; I didn\u2019t. Doubt if it changed much since I called you [before leaving the Challenger<\/em>].\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. We\u2019ll catch it at Station 2.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, Jack, we got transmitter and receiver both ON, huh?\u201d<\/p>\n

Parker, continued down his list of questions and reminders before I could answer. \u201cLow gain antenna [setting] is 240, and we\u2019re ready for you guys to leave. Give us a MARK on the leave.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. Here you go, Jack; we need\u2026 The SEP receiver and transmitter (are) both ON, huh?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYes, sir.\u201d I had reported this previously, but apparently no one was listening.<\/p>\n

\u201cAnd, Gene, remember we want a MARK when you pass the end of the antenna.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cGonna drive fairly slowly, huh?\u201d I asked as a reminder.<\/p>\n

\u201cYep, until I get past the end. I got to get my heading changed about 10 degrees to parallel it. We\u2019re still in the same relative position, Bob.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cVery good. We are moving right now.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWe\u2019re MARKing that.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cSlowly,\u201d Cernan said to himself\u2026\u201dOkay. Stand by, Bob\u2026 MARK it (the end of the antenna).<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. Copy that.\u201d<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

Traverse to Station 2<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cWe want to go past the LM at heading 260, Jack,\u201d Cernan said, as he looked at the sketch map we both had on the facing page of our Cuff Checklists.<\/p>\n

\u201cWell, we want to get at 080 (bearing) and 0.4[ km] (range) and get rid of this charge,\u201d I noted. AS17-135-20550\u201362 constitutes the traverse photographs between the SEP and the seismic charge near the ALSEP. As our route kept us moving down-sun, definition of detailed surface features was largely washed out by the lack of visible shadows.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.8.<\/strong> The three EVA routes during the Apollo 17 mission. During EVA-2, the route from the SEP site (ca. 300 m east of the LM) followed the lower track marked EVA 2 to Nansen at left, then returned via the upper route. (NASA\/ASU\/GSFC photo with label additions by the editor).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, 17, a couple of words there as you drive along. Let me give them to you early here. One, we didn\u2019t bother to change all the numbers on the checklist; but, by and large, because we think we\u2019re 200 meters east of where we were [planning to land], you should probably increase all those [distance] numbers, except for the explosive package numbers, by about two-tenths [km] to get the distance at which you will come across these areas. Again it\u2019s about 0.4 [or] 0.5 [ km] that we expect to deploy EP-4. The more important number though is that it\u2019s 0.2 [ km] west of the ALSEP. As you pass the ALSEP, you might note what the range and distance are reading at that point.\u201d<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.9.<\/strong> Examples of the series of photos I took on the way from the SEP site to Nansen at Station 2 (located at the base of the South Massif to the right of the LM) with the Hasselblad camera attached to the RCU on my chest. (Top<\/em>): We are heading towards the LM (note dust on the TV camera lens). (Bottom<\/em>): The boulders are just south of Geophone rock (NASA photos AS17-135-20550, -20553).<\/span><\/p>\n

Mission Control has now taken into account what Evans has told them about our landing point and is close to having it right in spite of all the conversations about various mis-identified landmarks.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay,\u201d I replied. \u201cRange is the one that changes on\u2026no, wait a minute\u2026\u201d Before continuing, I pointed to a small crater that Cernan was headed toward.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI got it,\u201d Cernan asserted. \u201cI\u2019ll get it [off to the side].\u201d<\/p>\n

Going back to the question of when does the range indicator change, I asked, \u201cWhich is it? Range changes every half\u2026on the half kilometer?\u201d I correctly was thinking \u201chalf of one-tenth\u201d kilometer rather than half kilometer but said \u201ckilometer\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u201cRoger, Jack,\u201d answered Parker, not realizing my misstatement. \u201cThe range is what changes in the middle at 50 meters and 150 meters.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. The fender fix is working so far,\u201d I remarked, not noticing any rain of regolith out ahead like we had at the end of EVA-1.<\/p>\n

\u201cBeautiful.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cLet me get around your [geophone] flag,\u201d Cernan said. \u201cThere\u2019s your flag way out there, isn\u2019t it?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah,\u201d I agreed. He was referring to the flag at the southern end of the north-south geophone line.<\/p>\n

\u201cLet me get around that. Man, that\u2019s really giving the ALSEP some room.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah. Okay, Bob,\u201d I said as I took traverse photos \u201cwe\u2019re still seeing the light-colored gabbroic rocks. I think the reason I said 50 percent [plagioclase] was because, in this light, they look light-colored, and that\u2019s probably largely because of the zap-pit halos. \u2026Through the hand lens, it looked like a standard gabbro (about 30 percent plagioclase).\u201d As I could watch blocks as we drove by that were out of zero phase-angle with the Sun, I could see far more detail than shown in traverse photographs.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cAnd, Bob, I\u2019m full out at about 11 [clicks],\u201d observed Cernan, meaning \u201ckilometers per hour\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, you can turn right, now,\u201d I said as we had left our 260 heading to go around the geophone flag.<\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019m full out at about 11 clicks right now,\u201d Cernan repeated.<\/p>\n

\u201cOops. You drove [through a crater].\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cCan you give me a call as you pass by the ALSEP as you get ready to deploy the charge, please?\u201d Parker requested.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe\u2019re almost due south of the ALSEP now,\u201d I replied.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201c\u2026[I\u2019ve] got to work my way through [craters and boulders] here,\u201d commented Cernan. (see Fig. 11.9\u2191<\/strong><\/span><\/a>, right<\/em>).<\/p>\n

\u201cGo about 0.2 kilometers further than that,\u201d Parker continued.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s a little rocky out here,\u201d I said to Cernan.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, it sure is.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cIn the area we are now,\u201d I began another terrain description, but then asked Cernan, \u201cdid you get a distance [at the ALSEP]? That was [about 0.4 km].\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWe just clicked to (zero-zero)-four (350m). I want to move over this way just a skosh.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, [we\u2019re] just south of my geophone 2 flag now,\u201d I reported.<\/p>\n

\u201cIf you just clicked to 4,\u201d inserted Parker, \u201clet\u2019s go to 6 then, just past the click on 6 (550m).\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay,\u201d replied Cernan. \u201cAnd they want about 080 [as a bearing to the SEP transmitter of]\u2026 [We\u2019re] plenty good enough. I got to start heading right out here, right toward my topographic [target]\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cHole-in-the-Wall should be just to the left of the notch [in the rim of Camelot],\u201d I said.<\/p>\n

\u201cYep. That\u2019s exactly where I\u2019m heading.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cAnd I think we\u2019re coming up closer to the rim of Camelot,\u201d I speculated. \u201cIt\u2019s starting to look like a crater now.\u201d I had been getting glimpses of the slightly more elevated west to north rim of Camelot. Driving up and across the southeastern portions of its ejecta blanket gave only a slight impression of going up a slope. With this route, we hoped to get a passing view of the area planned for Station 5 on the south rim of Camelot. I wanted to make sure that boulders would be there for sampling in a few hours on the way back to Challenger<\/em>. Such boulders at the rim were thought to be the deepest sample of the subfloor material that we could get. Revisiting this assumption and the geology of Station 5 some 45 years later, I concluded that Camelot is much older thant we then thought and that the boulders at the rim were exposed crater wall rocks (see Chapter 13).<\/p>\n

\u201cLooking down-Sun,\u201d I continued, \u201cI see no major albedo changes except for the very fresh craters which are brighter\u2026by maybe 20 percent. The surface\u2026\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cHow are we doing [for distance]?\u201d interrupted Cernan.<\/p>\n

\u201c[00]5,\u201d I noted, as we approached a change to 006 or 550m.<\/p>\n

\u201cHere\u2019s your charge [location]. Pick a spot, Jack.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay; can you swing right out over there,\u201d I said, pointing to a relatively large area largely clear of large boulders, \u201c\u2026about 10 meters ahead?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cGive me a shallow turn,\u201d I directed.<\/p>\n

\u201cHow\u2019s that?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. And I\u2019ll set it right there in that [depression]. \u2026Can you move forward, and I\u2019ll get it in that little depression?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYou see [the depression] on the other side of the rock [to our right]?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah. \u2026Okay, Bob; 083 [bearing], 0.6 [distance], and 0.5 [range].\u201d The bearing and range are relative to the SEP transmitter location where the Rover navigation system had been initialized. (see Fig. 11.7\u2191<\/strong><\/span><\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. Copy that.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay.\u201d With the Rover stopped, I began to go through my seismic charge activation routine for EP-4. \u201cPin 1 is pulled and safe; Pin 2 is pulled and safe; Pin 3, pulled and safe. \u2026Ever stop and ask yourself what I\u2019m doing!?\u201d I referred to the fact that I was pulling pins to activate an explosives charge equivalent to about one-quarter pound of TNT.<\/p>\n

\u201cYes,\u201d laughed Cernan.<\/p>\n

Ninety hours later, this charge, and the seven others we \u00a0would deploy, would be detonated individually by a signal from Earth with their seismic energy being recorded through the geophones I set out on EVA-1 as part of the ALSEP. \u00a0Each explosion would leave a new, small crater on the Moon.<\/p>\n

\u201cIf you can give us a frame count, we\u2019d appreciate it,\u201d Parker called. \u201cAnd I might remind you two to both check that\u2026you\u2019re at MIN cooling since you\u2019ve got a long drive ahead of you there.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cDon\u2019t fall over!\u201d Cernan exclaimed as I deployed the seismic charge by leaning as far to the right as my lap belt would allow, placing it outside the Rover wheels and fenders. I had previously pulled out the long antenna and used it as a handle to set the charge on the surface. As we left the site and to make sure we did not hit the charge, Cernan would continue his turn to the right to keep it in sight.<\/p>\n

\u201cHey, I lost my sample thing,\u201d I exclaimed as I noticed the stack of Dixie Cup sample bags had disappeared from the end of the UHT.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201c[Is it] on the floor?\u201d Cernan asked.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cI hope so\u2026\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThat [charge] looks good?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, it\u2019s going to stay [upright].\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. Have you got anything [else to do]?\u201d Cernan inquired. \u201cIf not, I\u2019ll do a [turn for a] partial [photo pan] for you.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah. We got to do a partial,\u201d I agreed. \u201cI\u2019d like to know where that sampler is. Well, we can do without it, I guess.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWell, it\u2019ll sure be nice to [have it]. What did it do; come off the end [of the UHT]?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.10.<\/strong> The last 2 images of my LRV pan documenting the location of the explosive charge. The \u201cbig block\u201d referred to in text can be seen below the high gain antenna (HGA) pointing handle in the top photo and in the middle right of the bottom photo. EP-4 is just to the right of that block, also seen enlarged in Fig. 11.11<\/strong>. (NASA photos AS17-135-20568, -20569).<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.11.<\/strong> Enlargement from AS17-135-20568 showing EP-4 in situ<\/em> in a small depression marked by the arrow. The white box top and antenna holder can be seen although the tilted antenna itself is unresolvable at this distance.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, I think I can check it [out], though,\u201d I said as I clicked off 7 photos during Cernan\u2019s slow circle turn. This partial panorama to document the location of the charge relative to the ALSEP is made up of AS17-35-20563-69.<\/p>\n

\u201cGetting your [photographic] pan?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah. \u2026If you go around to seeing that big block there by the ALSEP, then you can forget it (the rest of the turn).\u201d I am referring to the big boulder south of the ALSEP, along the geophone line. Once that object is in the pan, the location of the charge will be well fixed (AS17-135 20569).<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. I\u2019ll just come on around, and I\u2019ll pick up my tracks. Do you want to get that sampler? Can you see it?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cI think I\u2019d better look,\u201d I finally concluded, reluctantly because of time.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cAll right. Take a look.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cBob, one stop here for about two seconds.\u201d I have to get off the Rover, so we will lose more than two seconds.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cHold this,\u201d I requested as I handed the UHT to Cernan and dismounted the Rover as quickly as possible. \u201cOkay. It\u2019s down there [in the foot pan].\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWhy don\u2019t you put it on real quick and\u2026\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cI don\u2019t know why [it came off]. \u2026It was hard to put on. Surprised it came off,\u201d I commented.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cHere, let me hold the end.\u201d Cernan offered.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYou got them (UHT locking pins) retracted?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cRetracted. \u2026Still retracted; let me know when.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay.\u201d I am having trouble connecting the sample bag head to the UHT, probably because of both the gloves and some dust in the connector.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. It\u2019s loose [again]. Retracted. How you want it?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cRetract it (the pins) again.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. Retracted\u2026\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cNo.\u2026Let go, let go. \u2026No, it\u2019s just not hooking,\u201d I said as the UHT and sampler came apart, again.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. Try it. \u2026Push it in once more.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. \u2026The best I can do. I\u2019ll just lock \u2026I\u2019ll twist it down on there and maybe it\u2019ll hold.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. Twist it tight .\u2026I got the rod.,\u201d Cernan said as he gripped the handle of the UHT as I twisted the sampler on it as hard as I could.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. I\u2019ll just have to be careful,\u201d I concluded, as the twisted connection seemed to hold. Had we lost the use of the LRV sampler, an invention of mine, we would have not obtained many samples that decades later proved to be very important to a number of debris flow and regolith studies (Chapter 13).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019ve got it (the heavy, female end of my seat belt).\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201c[You have it?]\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019ve got it.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay,\u201d I said as I did my jump and kick to get into the seat.<\/p>\n

\u201cYou\u2019ll have to put it (male end) in. Push down.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. \u2026Ah!\u201d I exclaimed as the belt connections seemed to come together.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay; let\u2019s go. \u2026Every time you pick your seatbelt up [it gets twisted]. \u2026Here it is, it\u2019s untwisted now. \u2026All set?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cJust about,\u201d I answered as I fumbled to make a blind seat belt connection.<\/p>\n

\u201c\u2026Jack, a reminder, Parker broke in, seemingly oblivious to my difficulties with the sampler and my lap belt. \u201cWe\u2019re still seeing you in INTERMEDIATE. You probably will want to go to MIN before you get back on.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cHe\u2019s back on [the Rover] now.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019m in [place] now.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cAnd we\u2019re rolling,\u201d added Cernan.<\/p>\n

\u201cLet\u2019s go to Hole-in-the-Wall,\u201d I said with enthusiasm but having lost several minutes due to the UHT-sampler connection failure. Traverse photographs between the seismic charge site and the first Rover sample site consist of AS135-20570-622.<\/p>\n

\u201cOne other thing,\u201d Parker opined, \u201cI might mention to you guys as you\u2019re driving here, Jack, before you start talking again, is that, as you go by Camelot, you might keep an eye out for blocks along the rim there, because, remember, we may be wanting to come back and move Station 5 to an area where there\u2019s blocks, unless there are blocks at the present, nominal Station 5. So you might keep an eye for that and plan for the way back.\u201d Parker must have been under pressure from someone to re-state the obvious.<\/p>\n

\u201cA second thing\u201d he continued, \u201ca reminder: if you do stop for a Rover sample or one thing or another along the way, give us a call and keep us informed, because we\u2019re timing you on the way out and the assumption is, of course, that driving time out equals drive-back time. And we\u2019re under a 63-minute limit to get you from the LM out to the Station 2 because of OPS drive-back. So, keep us informed so we can keep a good tab.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, Bob. Okay. We\u2019ll keep you informed,\u201d I replied, somewhat exasperated. Parker should have filtered out interruptions about items that we had discussed or trained to do many times before launch. It can be a fine line, however, between too many reminders and too few.<\/p>\n

\u201cBob, I got the thing (forward drive control) \u2018two-blocked\u2019, and I\u2019m averaging probably 10 to 11 clicks. It\u2019s not exactly straight-line navigation, but I think I can hold most of it.\u201d I had never heard Cernan use the term \u201ctwo-blocked\u201d before. It may have come out of his subconscious Navy heritage. In the days of sailing ships, to be \u201ctwo-blocked\u201d with a block-and-tackle meant that with two pulleys or blocks working hard together, one could do no more than that.<\/p>\n

\u201cWatch the crater,\u201d I called out. \u201cThere you go. \u2026I tell you, when Gene decides to turn, [look out]. \u2026Whoo!\u201d Although Cernan would say he was always in control of the Rover, driving down-sun meant that craters could be almost invisible until we were in them. It helped to have two sets of eyes watching for them.<\/p>\n

\u201cAnd, Jack, a reminder on photos. Yesterday, you apparently took quite a few on the way back from Station 1 to the SEP, and we\u2019re right nominal on budget now. But, considering the fact that we didn\u2019t do much sampling, if you continue to use them at the rate you did yesterday coming back from Station 1, at least as we understand it, you\u2019ll be pushing us pretty hard in the [film] budget. Should be [a photo] every 50 meters or every 100 meters.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cBob, okay.\u201d Rover traverse photographs came out of discussions about the difficulties that the Apollo 15 crew had in figuring out where they were on their initial traverse. In addition, they would help determine the general location and context of terrain and my geological observations during the traverse.<\/p>\n

\u201cAnd you want to hear something?\u201d I asked, having stored up some observations while Mission Control worried about Station 5 and film budgets.<\/p>\n

\u201cRoger. I\u2019ll listen now\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. The surface is not changing in terms of the detail [textures]. The surface texture of the fine-grained regolith still has the raindrop pattern. The blocks still look very much like what we sampled yesterday around the LM. They\u2019re light-colored, apparently gabbros, with zap pits, \u2026[that is,] zap halos. Occasional (some) craters show lighter colored ejecta; all the way down to [craters], say, half a meter in size (diameter). Other craters that are just as blocky [on a small scale] as those with bright halos have no brightness associated with them. Most of the brightest craters have a little central pit in the bottom which is glass lined. The pit is, maybe, a fifth of the diameter of the crater itself. It\u2019s a fairly standard thing for most of these fresher craters, is [to have] that little central pit.\u201d I had just outlined the sequence of initial degradation of impact craters by micro-meteor erosion: loss of glass lining in the pits, loss of bright halos, and smoothing of the central pit. Impact glass apparently breaks up faster than space weathering darkens the surface of the newly exposed regolith.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, we\u2019re just south of the (east) rim of Camelot,\u201d I reported.<\/p>\n

\u201cThere is a light mantle on the other [west] side [of Camelot]. Look at that crater,\u201d exclaimed Cernan as the north rim and wall of Camelot came into view. \u201cWhoo!\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWe\u2019ve got the\u2026 Ooh, and there\u2019s Camelot (AS17-135-20588-97),\u201d I said, very impressed by the view.<\/p>\n

\u201cOh, Whoo! Manischewitz. Take a couple of pictures looking at that,\u201d suggested Cernan.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. Can you swing [right] a little?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYep.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, I got them.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cThat is a 600-meter crater!\u201d exclaimed Cernan.<\/p>\n

\u201cAnd it is very blocky [at the rim]\u2026 We won\u2019t have any problem finding blocks on the rim of Camelot,\u201d I informed Parker.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cRog. How about bearing and range to help us pick out the LM location.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. 083, 1.2, and 1.0,\u201d replied Cernan. It had been 12 minutes and 17 seconds since we left the SEP, giving an average change in range of 4.9 km per hour. My traverse photographs between the rim of Camelot and the next Rover sample site are AS17-135-20591-622.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. Thank you. Thank you.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cBob, listen!\u201d My frustration with Parker\u2019s ill-considered interruptions came to the surface. Not much geology out of the geologist, yet.<\/p>\n

\u201cThere\u2019s a little\u2026\u201d I started again only to have Cernan interrupt.<\/p>\n

\u201cMan, are there blocks there.\u201d<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.12.<\/strong> (Top<\/em>): Driving upslope on the eastern flank of Camelot Crater. The two large boulders along the sloping line from the HGA pointing handle mark the crater rim. (Bottom<\/em>): Part of the rim and interior of Camelot Crater seen from the southeast, marked by the horizontal line of reseau crosses. (NASA photos AS17-135-20577, -20590).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cNow,\u201d I tried again, \u201cthat little crater in the [Camelot] ejecta did not, \u2026at least [at] the rim of Camelot, did not bring up blocks on the (its) rim.\u201d (45 years later, this would turn out to be a prescient observation relative to the age of Camelot Crater. See Chapter 13.) It may have been (an impact in) an old depression. \u2026Bob, there is [an] extremely blocky area, \u2026I think [the planned] Station 5 was over there where that block area is. \u2026The light-colored areas on the (overhead) photos are essentially blocky. They\u2019re probably 30 percent [covered with] blocks. Many of them are in the 2- to 3- to 4-meter size range. All of them look light-colored (and, from a distance), look like the gabbro we sampled [around the Challenger<\/em>]. They have light-halo zap pits on them. I see only occasional grayer varieties, which I believe are the non-vesicular ones (rocks) like we also sampled. \u2026But the light-colored gabbros are dominant.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThank you,\u201d Parker said.<\/span><\/p>\n

As Cernan skirted the boulder field on the rim of Camelot, I continued, \u201cStation 5 would have been\u2014 rather than in a light-colored area\u2014 would have been in a very blocky area. Station 5 is probably still very good for blocks.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. Thank you.\u201d Pre-mission, we had noted that on the low-resolution photographs portions of Camelot\u2019s rim looked to be a lighter gray than other parts of its ejecta blanket. I could now see that these lighter areas consisted of concentrations of large blocks and, as a result, produced a higher albedo than the surface of the surrounding regolith that included dark agglutinates as well as many fewer rock fragments.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThere is probably as [many] big blocks there (at the planned Station 5 location) as anywhere on the rim that we\u2019ve seen,\u201d I added in somewhat tortured syntax.<\/span> \u201cWe ought to be going between Horatio and Camelot now,\u201d I told Cernan after a quick referral to the map. Our planned route to Hole-in-the-Wall would take us near the south rim of Horatio.<\/p>\n

\u201cNo,\u201d said Cernan, apparently thinking I had asked him something. \u201cI\u2019m going to give them a call when we\u2019re due south of Camelot and see if they can\u2019t get a position on us. \u2026Hold it, Jack!\u201d he added as he suddenly came up on a larger than expected crater.<\/p>\n

\u201cOoh, watch it,\u201d I responded.<\/p>\n

\u201cHold it! Hold it!\u201d Cernan yelled as the Rover bounced from side to side. One traverse photograph suggests that we may have rolled about 30 degrees to the right (see Fig. 11.13\u2193\u00ad\u00ad<\/strong><\/span><\/a> (top<\/em>)).<\/p>\n

\u201cYou can go around that [next] one,\u201d I suggested, as an even deeper crater loomed in front of the Rover.<\/p>\n

\u201cYou betcha. \u2026Whoo! That slowed the speed up a little bit. You can unwrinkle your toes now,\u201d joked Cernan.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay,\u201d I said with a laugh. \u201cOh, I wasn\u2019t worried, Gene. \u2026Watch that block there; it\u2019s probably more than 14 inches [high].\u201d 14 inches was the absolute clearance of the Rover chassis, but with the wheels sinking an inch or so into the regolith at times, the effective clearance was even less. \u201cAnd I got a fairly close look at the rock, and it is the vesicular, \u2026[that is, it] looks very much like the vesicular clinopyroxene (magnesium-iron silicate) gabbro [seen earlier].\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

[Along this traverse down the ejecta blanket of Camelot, I hoped to see if I could observe alternating areas of vesicular and non-vesicular rock. Such alternation would indicate that the Camelot impact had penetrated several lava flows. The more vesicular rocks would have been close to the top of a flow where cooling and solidification occurred rapidly enough to trap gases in the vesicles. With slower cooling deeper in a flow, the gases would have time to migrate upward, leaving a more-dense, less vesicular rock. We were moving too fast and there were too few blocks along our route for me to come to any definitive conclusion about multiple flows other than to say that no pattern jumped out from my rapid observations of boulders we passed. This would be consistent with later analysis of seismic profiling data that indicates the valley was partially filled by either a single thick flow or a series of flows on which no detectable regolith had developed or that had cooled as a single unit.]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cNow, the surface of Camelot is mantled\u2014 or the rim\u2014 is mantled with the same dark-gray material,\u201d I continued, making some observations on the nature of the surface of Camelot\u2019s ejecta blanket, \u201cand it has the same surface texture: a very fine raindrop pattern. The saturation crater size does not look bigger than a half a meter, if that.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

[Saturation crater size constitutes the size of the smallest crater for which \u201cnew impacts destroy as many such craters as they add.\u201d[13<\/strong><\/span>]<\/a><\/sup> Over a large enough area, this size becomes a measure of the age of the surface, that is, the larger the saturation crater size, the exponentially older is the surface.]<\/span><\/p>\n

Traverse photographs AS17-135-20604-22 show how few rocks larger than a few centimeters exist at the surface along this part of our route between Camelot and Horatio. At the time, this fact surprised me as we were crossing an area well within the expected one crater diameter reach of continuous rocky ejecta from Camelot as well as from Horatio. This observation, as well as others, indicates that Camelot Crater is much older than we had supposed, based on analysis of the pre-mission photographs. Many years later, analysis of the degree of topographic degredation (diffusion) indicated that Camelot formed about 500 \u00b1 200 million years ago (See Chapter 13).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, Bob, I\u2019m going to give you 081, 1.6, and 1.4,\u201d Cernan reported. \u201cWe\u2019re south of the center of Camelot.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. Thank you, Gene,\u201d acknowledged Parker.<\/p>\n

\u201c\u2026We ought to see Horatio here pretty quick,\u201d I predicted.<\/p>\n

\u201cI think it\u2019s right up in front of us.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, I think you\u2019re right\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWe can definitely see the light mantle as it comes out over the valley here,\u201d observed Cernan, \u201cand we\u2019re looking at Hole-in-the-Wall, although it\u2019s still too subtle. We\u2019re looking right at Lara, as a matter of fact.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah. There\u2019s Lara, very clear; and Hole-in-the-Wall [to the left of Lara], you can see it.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYep, yep.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYep,\u201d I repeated, kidding.<\/p>\n

\u201cThere\u2019s Horatio way over there where those blocks are. See it?\u201d asked Cernan.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.13.<\/strong> (Top<\/em>): The result of my chauffeur driving my half of the LRV into a small, but deep crater. Blocks at the upper right edge next to the reseau cross are on the interior west wall of Horatio Crater. (Bottom<\/em>): Fewer large blocks characterize the continuing ride to Station 2. (NASA photos AS17-135-20609, -615).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, that\u2019s Horatio. We\u2019re right on course, sir. There\u2019s a little depression we didn\u2019t talk about, though, that\u2019s between Horatio and Camelot. But it\u2019s a depression and not a blocky crater at all. As a matter of fact, the total block population has changed. Once we get away from the rim of Camelot, the block frequency is quite a bit smaller (lower). It\u2019s down, maybe to less than 1 percent of the surface.\u201d This would be a strong indication that we had driven off the Camelot ejecta blanket on to that of the older Horatio.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cMuch easier driving with the Rover,\u201d commented Cernan. \u201cBoy, am I glad we got that fender on. Very obvious that the Rover navigation (driving) [is easier here] because of the [fewer] blocks and because of the [relatively] smaller craters, and very subtle type craters, in this area.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThere are up to 2-meter [diameter], bright-halo, blocky craters and, …that\u2019s blocky-walled craters. \u2026That may be instant rock (regolith breccia) rather than\u2026 I think it is [instant rock] rather than [the] bedrock [that we saw] in the rim area of Camelot.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cHoratio has got to be\u2026 There\u2019s Horatio, right there,\u201d asserted Cernan.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah,\u201d I agreed. \u201cThat\u2019s Horatio.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cLet me give (have) another mark on the southern rim of Horatio,\u201d Parker interjected, again.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay.\u201d Then I continued my terrain descriptions. \u201cThe [Lee-Lincoln] Scarp looks very smooth from here. No obvious outcrops [visible] at this time (distance). \u2026[The nearby craters] don\u2019t seem to be penetrating to any bedrock in the area we\u2019re traversing now\u2014 just to the southeast of Horatio. Horatio has a blocky wall; however, the upper several tens of meters, probably, of rim look as if it\u2019s either mantled\u2014 or composed of\u2014 the light-gray regolith material we\u2019ve been driving on. The blocks [on the wall] do not come [up] to the rim of Horatio.\u201d This is in contrast to the blocks at the rim of Camelot and suggests that Horatio is the older crater whose rim rocks have been totally degraded to regolith.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cI don\u2019t know if I want to take you down there or not,\u201d Cernan interjected as he approached a significant depression in the area between Horatio and Camelot. \u201cYeah, Jack, hold on; I\u2019ll take you down there.<\/p>\n

\u201cHoratio has quite a different appearance than Camelot,\u201d I continued. \u201cAnd that\u2019s the main one [difference]\u2014 the blocks do not get to the rim. \u2026<\/span>Watch your roll,\u201d I said with a laugh. \u201cI know it\u2019s (the roll) not much, but it seems like a lot.<\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019ve just got to go around that crater.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah. \u2026It looks like\u2014 if Horatio is any gauge, the rim [stratigraphic] thickness of maybe\u2014 and this is a wild guess, Bob\u2014 but maybe an average of 20 or 30 meters [of] stratigraphic thickness lies above the exposures of the subfloor\u2014 [those] exposures being blocks in the wall. And some of those blocks, again, are several meters, if not 5 to 10 meters in diameter. And they\u2019re concentrated on the west rim (wall) that I can see. \u2026There are very few blocks on the east\u2014 excuse me\u2014 there are very few blocks on the east, north, and south walls of Horatio.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

[An examination of LROC photographs confirms my observation that blocks are prominently exposed on Horatio\u2019s west wall but not elsewhere (also see Fig. 11.13\u2191\u00ad\u00ad<\/strong><\/span><\/a> (top<\/em>), suggesting that Camelot ejecta covers such wall exposures elsewhere in Horatio. The west rim of Horatio lies about a crater diameter from the west rim of Camelot and, therefore, in an area where Camelot ejecta would be relatively thin.]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201c<\/strong>Okay, Bob. We\u2019re on the southern rim [of Horatio]; 078 (bearing), 2.3 (distance), and 2.0 (range) [relative to the SEP transmitter].\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah. We\u2019re maybe 100 meters south of the rim,\u201d I added and then revised my statement. \u201cActually, we\u2019re on the rim crest. We\u2019re 100 meters south of the break in slope into the crater.\u201d Strangely, none of the traverse photos I took in the vicinity of Horatio (AS17-135-20610-22; see Fig. 11.13\u2191\u00ad\u00ad<\/strong><\/span><\/a> (top<\/em>)) show these features of Horatio (except some of the blocks on the west rim); however, the crater lay off to my right, so I could not point the camera toward the rim and we did not stop specifically for photographs.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s an undulating, hummocky traverse terrain in there, Jack. \u2026These little craters make it bumpy; but, other than that, it\u2019s really smooth sailing!\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cThat\u2019s right. This is what I sort of expected the dark mantle to look like, rather than what we landed on. Not more than one percent of the surface (is covered with blocks), and that percentage continues right over the rim crest of Horatio down onto the wall until you hit the big blocks [on the wall].\u201d It was not until about 45 years later that I was able to make a close study of Camelot and realized that it was several hundreds of millions of years old (see Chapter 13). Thus, we were driving over an old regolith surface that had been developed on the Camelot ejecta blanket.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWhat\u2019s this depression?\u201d Cernan asked. \u201cThat\u2019s not [Bronte]. \u2026No, we\u2019re not to Bronte yet.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cNo, I don\u2019t have any [idea]. No, we\u2019re not at Bronte\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cAnd how about an amps and a mobility, [that is] \u2026a speed reading,\u201d requested Parker.<\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019ve been pushing anywhere from 9 to 11 clicks, and most of the time that\u2019s full out, and amperes are bouncing around 100 apiece.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, watch these down-Sun craters,\u201d I advised, as he had to turn towards the north a few degrees. \u201cThey\u2019re hard to see.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI know they are.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWe\u2019re climbing, Jack,\u201d Cernan then observed. \u201cBecause I\u2019ve been full bore most of the time, and all I can get out of it is 10 clicks; and when I decelerate, she decelerates in a hurry. What\u2019s our next stop here? A sample at 3.9?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cAhhh\u2026080\/3.9,\u201d I said, after looking at the Checklist.<\/p>\n

\u201cWell, I\u2019m sitting on 080 right now and 2.6 (range). I think we\u2019ve got to add a little bit to that if they\u2019re right [about where we landed].\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cStand by,\u201d Parker said. \u201cWe\u2019ll get a new correction [for the sample] for you guys on that shortly.\u201d Ray Zedakar and company, back in the MOCR, were re-figuring where they thought we were based on the Camelot and Horatio position fixes they now had.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe surface is not changing,\u201d I said as I went on with observations. \u201cWe see no craters that seem to penetrate into bedrock out in here\u2014 that is, [craters] with blocky rims\u2014 and that\u2019s quite a contrast to the area we sampled at Station 1A yesterday. I cannot see in my field-of-view any blocky-rim craters. There are slight (small) craters with fragmental walls and rims, but it looks like instant rock (regolith breccia) rather than the subfloor material.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cJack, can you see over there to the left\u2014 I\u2019ll turn a little bit [south]\u2014 on the dark area of the South Massif where you get those impressed lineations? See them going from left upward to the right?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah. I see what you mean; right.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThat\u2019s what I saw out my window.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, they go obliquely up the slope,\u201d I added.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThey\u2019re more like wrinkles, they\u2019re linear wrinkles.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah. Crenulations, you might say, in the slope that look something like those I saw from orbit, looking in the shadowed area\u2026or at the edge of the shadows.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

[Lunar geologists had puzzled over \u201cwrinkles\u201d or lineations on mountain slopes since reported and photographed by Scott and Irwin on Apollo 15. Geological Survey geologists<\/span>[14<\/span><\/strong>]<\/a><\/sup> did some variable lighting simulations using model slopes of random roughness that they sprinkled with rock dust. Just moving a grazing light around gave similar apparent lineations on these model slopes. As noted in photographs of the Sculptured Hills (Chapter 10 \u2013 Station 1), however, some large-scale lineations may reflect true bedrock structure. Also, the linear arrangement of lines of possible boulder outcrops on the slopes of the South Massif are very different from these more subtle lineations and may be outcrops of different layers of ejecta from several basin-forming events, such as Crisium, Serenitatis and Imbrium.]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cBob, we\u2019ve seen craters as much as 20 meters\u2014 maybe 30 meters\u2014 in diameter without blocky rims,\u201d I reported. \u201c\u2026The rim block population is not much different than the average for the terrain in here\u2026\u201d This observation suggests a regolith depth of at least 4-6 m, The Surface Electrical Properties Experiment data indicate regolith depths of 15-20 m.[15<\/span>]<\/a><\/sup> <\/strong>in this area, possibly due to overlap of Camelot ejecta on that from Horatio.<\/span><\/p>\n

Boy, I\u2019ll tell you,\u201d asserted Cernan. \u201cIf we can\u2019t recognize a change in that albedo when we get onto that white mantle, I\u2019m going to be surprised.\u201d (AS17-135-20616).<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.14.<\/strong> A portion of the Lee-Lincoln Scarp stretching from left-to-right just below the base of (West) Family and Family Mountains and behind the HGA pointing handle. (NASA photo AS17-135-20616).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cMark my words,\u201d I agreed. \u2026\u201dThe light mantle is just what Gene has said, it\u2019s\u2026 That\u2019s it, right now. There are some very bright craters in it. They stand out. \u2026Bright-haloed craters scattered over it that seem to be quite a bit brighter than anything we have out here on the dark mantle. \u2026See those blocks over there? [Those are] the first different-colored blocks I\u2019ve seen; they\u2019re sort of\u2026\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWhere are you looking?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOver to the right a little bit.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cDarker gray, a little bit,\u201d Cernan observed.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWatch yourself here. \u2026Okay. \u2026There\u2019s a crater with a big mass of block in the bottom. It looks like it might be a secondary [impact ejecta] fragment from somewhere.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cDo you want to get a photo as we go by?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah. Can you swing a little bit to the right?\u201d I asked.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYep.\u201d (AS17-135-20623-26)<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.15.<\/strong> The secondary impact crater discussed in text. The LRV-1 rock sample 72135<\/strong> is taken from there. (NASA photo AS17-135-20623).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThat might be worth a [LRV sample]. How\u2019s our time for traverse, Bob? Do we have time for an LRV sample?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYou\u2019re doing great, so far. We\u2019re looking for that first LRV sample at about 4.2; that\u2019s in the light mantle. [Get the sample,] if you can do it quickly, but we weren\u2019t planning on it.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWant one here?\u201d Cernan asked me.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, let\u2019s get [one]. \u2026Can you get [close]?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cGo ahead,\u201d he said as he stopped next to the boulder in the crater.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cSwing a little bit to the right now,\u201d I guided.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cRight up across that little ray.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cAnd I\u2019ll try to get a chunk of whatever [this is]. Okay, I want\u2026 Keep going; keep going. \u2026Whoa, whoa, whoa.\u201d None of the photographs actually show the \u201cbig mass of block in the bottom\u201d. My memory is that we snuggled the Rover up next to a large, fractured boulder to get the sample, but the photographs do not confirm this. My guess is that the boulder was always just off the right edge of my image frames.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. Let me get the [Rover power] switch off. [We are at] 082, 3.0, and 2.6. \u2026And, Bob, I\u2019ve been making 10 to 12 clicks coming across the surface; and, as I say, for the most part, that\u2019s full bore except where I have to do some rapid changes.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay,\u201d replied Parker. \u201cAnd, by and large, the [Science] Back Room is interested in you guys pressing on to Station 2.\u201d The \u201cBack Room\u201d scientists apparently weren\u2019t as interested in targets of opportunity as I was. Meanwhile, I had grabbed the Rover accessory staff with my left hand and leaned as far to the right as I could to get a rock and some regolith in a Dixie Cup bag.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, we are\u2026 [Jack,] just watch the LCRU.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, Gene. That\u2019s a pretty big rock in there,\u201d I said as I swung the head of the sample around to Cernan so that he could remove the bag with the sample in it.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. \u2026Hold it. Hold it down further. \u2026Down,\u201d requested Cernan as I had the bags too high for him to extract the bag with the sample from the others.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s got quite a bit of dirt in it, [Gene]. \u2026[Bob,] I think this is a block from a linear strewn-field of very irregular and jagged rocks that are southwest of a crater that\u2019s 10 to 15 meters in diameter. It looks like the material that may have formed the crater, and you can look at some of the pictures and make up your own decision.<\/span> \u2026Can you get it in there?\u201d I asked, as Cernan tried to put it in the SCB hanging from the accessory staff. \u201cOkay. You got it.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cNo, no. No, I didn\u2019t.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cNo?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cThe bag\u2019s (the SCB) not open,\u201d he explained.<\/p>\n

\u201cWell, okay. Yeah, that\u2019s bad.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cCan you push it in? Pull down [on the bottom]. \u2026Okay. It\u2019s down [in the SCB]. 26 Echo (72130-35), <\/strong>Bob. We\u2019re on our way.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

[Sample 72135<\/strong> turned out to be an impact-generated breccia (\u201ccataclasite\u201d) composed entirely of fragments of olivine-ilmenite basalt, glass, and orange and black ash. The clasts appear to be much finer grained, more rapidly cooled lava than the gabbro I had been describing. Indeed, the impact may have penetrated to and created the sampled basaltic breccia out of the jumbled, fine grained basalt slabs that characterize the tops of \u201cpahoehoe\u201d lava flows on Earth. The photographs appear to confirm that the sample came from a ray or strewn-field of fragments and blocks ejected from the nearby impact crater. In contrast to the earlier estimate of 10-15 m for the depth of the regolith, the regolith at this spot would appear to be about 2-3 m deep in order for the impact to excavate below it and into subfloor material.<\/span><\/p>\n

The regolith associated with 72135<\/strong>, that is, sample 72131<\/strong>, has an intermediate Is\/FeO maturity index of 60 with a relatively high TiO2<\/sub>\/TiO2<\/sub>+FeO ratio of 0.38, but no agglutinate or other fragment concentration data is available.]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201c<\/strong>\u2026And, you got a frame count, Jack?\u201d Parker asked.<\/p>\n

\u201cOh, yeah. Let me [look]\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cAnd I did get my locator [photo back to the Challenger<\/em>] here,\u201d Cernan reported.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.16.<\/strong> Rock sample 72135<\/strong> that I picked up by leaning out of the rover near a secondary impact crater. It became the designated LRV-1 sample. (NASA photo S73-16201).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. I got mine, [too]\u201d I added \u201c\u2026And the frame count is 95. \u2026Holy cow! I\u2019d better slow down my picture taking.\u201d This film pack needed to last until we arrived at Station 2.<\/p>\n

[In addition to the absence of a photograph of the boulder in the crater that I described, neither of our photographic sequences include the locater back to the Challenger<\/em> both of us say we obtained.<\/em> I have not been able to find an explanation for these discrepancies other than we both missed triggering our camera shutters.]<\/p>\n

\u201cRoger, Jack,\u201d agreed Parker.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe\u2019re in a little area where the fragment population may be up to 3 percent. It\u2019s getting a little more like what we saw around the LM. In fact, I would say it was comparable [to that area] now, \u2026but nothing like [the block coverage at] Station 1.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019m going down this [crater] slope and up the other side, Jack.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cAnd the next planned Rover sample will be at a distance (he meant \u201crange\u201d) of 4.2,\u201d Parker informed us, \u201cso, 080 (bearing) and 4.2 (range). And it will be in the light mantle if\u2026that [predicted light mantle location] disagrees with those numbers.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. It\u2019s in the first prong of light mantle, as I recall. Is that right?\u201d I asked.<\/p>\n

\u201cRoger; the [left] thumb.\u201d The mapped light mantle unit formed a plume-like pattern somewhat like a palm-down left hand that extended from the base of the South Massif up to five kilometers over the subfloor regolith surface on which we were driving (Fig. 11.17<\/strong>).<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, Bob,\u201d reported Cernan. \u201cYour heading at 260 looks like it\u2019s right on [for Hole-in-the-Wall], by the way, from what I see on the skyline.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. And how\u2019s the low-gain antenna holding up?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWell, I\u2019m moving it, so I guess you\u2019re getting it,\u201d Cernan replied.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, we\u2019re getting it. Just checking.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cBob, the [large] blocks I see still seem to be the gabbro,\u201d I continued with descriptions of the terrain we were crossing, \u201cexcept for that one sample we took, which I hope was (is) what I thought it was\u2026\u201d namely, an impact breccia from another location.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.17a.<\/strong> View of the valley of Taurus-Littrow from Challenger<\/em> showing the major surface units, including the plume-like deposit of light mantle material across the valley entrance. The star marks the landing site. Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) oblique image M1182232465 confirms that the southeastern portion of the light mantle, including the \u201cleft thumb\u201d, is older than most of the mapped unit (See Chapter 13) (NASA Photo AS17-147-22467).<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.17b.<\/strong>The oblique LROC image referred to in Fig. 11.17a which highlights the light mantle avalanche material composed of the larger, brighter younger material on the western side and the smaller, darker older material of the “thumb” on the eastern side. (NASA\/Goddard\/ASU LROC photo M1182232465LR).<\/span><\/p>\n

[My statement that the blocks \u201cstill seem to be the gabbro\u201d was based on my mental images of that rock type\u2019s weathered appearance in the area of the Challenger<\/em>. This extrapolation technique helps field geologists map a much larger area than they could if every boulder or outcrop were examined in detail. Even though a rock\u2019s \u201cweathered appearance\u201d usually contrasts significantly from that of a freshly broken surface, that weathered aspect usually remains distinctive in any given environment. In this case, the micro-meteor eroded surfaces, with their white zap pits, permitted rapid evaluation that the blocks were similar to those examined more closely earlier. Specifically, they were coarsely crystalline with significant plagioclase. The boulder in the shallow crater that I sampled a few minutes earlier caught my eye because it was not weathered in the same way as the more common blocks of gabbro. That rock turned out to be distinctly different, that is, it is highly brecciated, fine-grained basalt rather than a single fragment of coarser grained gabbro.]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cGee, it\u2019s blocky here,\u201d noted Cernan.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWatch the [right wheel],\u201d I warned as it approached a large rock.<\/p>\n

\u201cOoh, that\u2019s a big crater,\u201d Cernan noted. \u201cWe got to get around here.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201c\u2026That must be Bronte,\u201d I judged, looking at our traverse photomap and noting the 200 m-diameter crater directly ahead.<\/p>\n

\u201cMy God, is that big!\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cThat\u2019s bigger than I expected,\u201d I remarked.<\/p>\n

\u201cWhoo! I got to go around this thing.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, yeah\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI got to go back here,\u201d concluded Cernan as we saw no direct path through the ejecta blocks surrounding Bronte.<\/p>\n

\u201cThere are some very [big] blocks,\u201d I went on, \u201cgrayer than the normal gabbro we\u2019ve seen, that have very large, egg-sized vesicles in them\u2026\u201d Bronte may have been the source of the rock represented by the rover sample we just took (72135<\/strong>;<\/span> Fig. 11.16\u2191\u00ad\u00ad<\/strong><\/span><\/a>).<\/p>\n

\u201cWatch it, you got one (block) on your right there. \u2026Here you go.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah. I got them.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. Don\u2019t mind me, Gene,\u201d I said as it often looked like he could not see all the blocks I could see from my right side vantage.<\/p>\n

\u201cNo problem. That\u2019s all right, because some of those down-Suns [obstacles] are hard to see. I want to get off this slope.\u201d The gradual slope up which we were moving toward the west made the down-Sun washout of shadows worse than usual as it decreased the effective sun angle to close to zero.<\/p>\n

\u201cI wonder if I took a picture of that [Bronte] block field?\u201d I thought out loud. \u201cI hope I did. [Taking pictures is] getting to be so automatic that I\u2019m not sure what I\u2019m taking any more.\u201d My next series of photographs (AS17-135-20630-36) do not show the blocky area of concern. I may have stopped taking photographs in order to help Cernan navigate between rocks. AS17-135-20630 (Fig. 11.18<\/strong>) shows the trace of the Scarp across the lower slopes of the North Massif as well as Hanover Crater.<\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.18.<\/strong> View of the Lee-Lincoln Scarp as the white curving streak with Hanover Crater at the elbow near the base of the North Massif. (NASA photo AS17-135-20630).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. I\u2019m going to go through this niche on a high point in the [rim] saddle here,\u201d declared Cernan.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay,\u201d I agreed. \u201cHow does it figure, Bob? I think we\u2019re just north of Bronte. Does that figure?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cRog. That seems to be about where you should be on the map here. We gather you\u2019re circumnavigating a little bit. Comm\u2019s dropping out from time to time.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201c080 [bearing], 3.5 [distance], and 2.9 [range],\u201d Cernan reported, \u201cand we\u2019re on the north side of Bronte,\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cAnd it looks like Bronte has penetrated the dark mantle in here,\u201d I noted. \u201cIt got [into] the subfloor, but there\u2019s not an awful lot of [big] blocks around the rim. There are just some small ones\u2026[small] compared to what we saw around [Camelot].<\/span> Watch it.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYep. Yep.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201c[It\u2019s nothing compared with] what we saw around Horatio or [rather] in the walls of Horatio and around [the rim of] Camelot. Nothing, also, like we saw yesterday at Station 1. \u2026Bob, that characteristic little dimple in the bottom of the [small] craters is still with us, and it\u2019s invariably glass-lined in the fresh ones.\u2026Now, that\u2019s not a complete lining. It just seems to be [shiny] glass agglutinates, if you will, that\u2019s holding the fragments in the bottom of the crater together. There\u2019s one on the side of an older crater. We\u2019re back into about a one percent [block] coverage. I suspect that the reason our block population went up [back] there was because of Bronte.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cAn awful lot of these smaller, glass-lined little craters around,\u201d added Cernan.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, and you notice, Gene, what I was saying about the little dimple in the bottom? \u2026Watch [for] the fresh ones, and they all have that little dimple as if that\u2026 You see, there\u2019s one right there.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, right there.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cMan, you can predict it.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cJack, you know, I think the white mantle is starting right over there. See on your right?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, that\u2019s the first [sign of it].\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThe place you can really see it is where it\u2019s reflected off the slopes of the\u2026of the [Lee-Lincoln Scarp] cliffs (slopes) out there, but I think, \u2026I hate to say it, but Charlie [Duke] may be right.\u201d Cernan is referring to the difficulty in seeing contacts between lunar regolith units when you are right on top of them. Obscuration of the light mantle contact with subfloor regolith due to impact mixing extends several tens of meters from these size craters, making what looks like a sharp contact at a distance appear much more diffuse up close.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWell, Geno, one thing that may distinguish it is the bright-halo craters are brighter [in the light mantle].\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cBut I can see it [in the distance] from here,\u201d replied Cernan, \u201con the floor of the valley here.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOn the Scarp it really shows up.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cBlock population is unchanged,\u201d I said. \u201c[It] still appears to be – where I can see large enough blocks – the gabbro, although there\u2019s not as much to look at now in terms of blocks. The [regolith] surface characteristics have not changed. There are no craters that we see that are bringing up clear (unmistakably) blocky rims. Most of the fresh craters have instant rock (regolith breccia) around them. Around craters of the same size that are older and more subdued, that instant rock is apparently broken down. I suspect the small zapping breaks that [instant rock] down fairly quickly.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, 17. Copy that,\u201d acknowledged Parker. \u201cYou still making about 9 to 11 kilometers [per hour]?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cNo, sir. I\u2019ve been making from 10 to 12, Bob – mostly 12.<\/p>\n

\u201cCan you give me a reading on the amps this time, Geno?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cStand by. I\u2019ve got a little navigating to do. \u2026Okay. \u2026I\u2019m read\u2026I\u2019m reading\u2026I\u2019m reading 100 \u2013<\/strong> bouncing \u2013<\/strong> around 100 on both of them.<\/p>\n

\u201cHow about amps and not amp-hours?\u201d Parker persisted in spite of the obvious difficulty in making readings while bouncing around.<\/p>\n

\u201cAnd I\u2019m going up-and-down, hummocky terrain, I think with\u2026\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWatch your [right],\u201d I interrupted. \u201cYou got a hole in front of you.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOhh! There you go. Spun out a little bit,\u201d I observed as the Rover\u2019s rear end moved sideways.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, let me get up here [on the rim of this crater].\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cGood vehicle you got here,\u201d I commented, as the Rover\u2019s low center of gravity forgave Cernan\u2019s little driving glitch.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah. It takes a little getting used to, though.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019m not sure I want to go through many of those [size craters].\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cNo,\u201d I agreed, wholeheartedly.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, Bob. I\u2019ll give you an amp reading as soon as I can. Just stand by for it.<\/p>\n

\u201cAll right. There\u2019s no hurry. No hurry.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWould you believe my camera handle\u2019s come off?\u201d I said, suddenly. Vibration and use had apparently loosened the threaded bolt that held the camera handle to the RCU camera bracket and the camera body.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThe terrain gets a lot more locally hummocky with some well-rounded rims but very large-aspect-ratio craters\u2014 which you got to get around in here\u2014 in the 4 to 5-meter size,\u201d Cernan said, outlining his driving difficulties. \u201cCharlie, that…,\u201d he continued, \u201c \u2018Charlie!,\u2019 \u201d he said in amazement at his slip in calling me \u201cCharlie\u201d. \u201cI was thinking of white (light) mantle. That\u2019s the white mantle we\u2019re coming up on right up here.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah,\u201d I said, curtly, now worried about my camera coming out of its RCU bracket but still needing to take pictures along our route.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cSee that on your right?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cThat\u2019s it, there\u2019s not going to be that much [albedo] difference.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOoh!\u201d I exclaimed, as Cernan went over a small crater that gave the Rover a hard bump.<\/p>\n

\u201cNot going to be that much [albedo] difference, but\u2026. Look where you\u2019re going,\u201d he told himself.<\/p>\n

\u201cI got to watch I don\u2019t lose my camera. It\u2019s come loose.\u201d At this point, I should have insisted that we stop and tighten my camera handle.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cSee,\u201d Cernan said, apparently oblivious to my camera problem, \u201cnow you can look where we\u2019re going to come up on the white (light) mantle. It\u2019s (the regolith) dusted with that light [dust]. \u2026Look at it.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWe\u2019re only 100 meters from the light mantle.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWell\u2026,\u201d I said, skeptical of this distance estimate.<\/p>\n

\u201cHow about giving us the range and bearing when you get to it?\u201d requested Parker.<\/p>\n

\u201cLook at this crater in here,\u201d Cernan continued. \u201cWe\u2019re coming right up on it now.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201c\u2026There certainly is a change in the general albedo, \u201cI commented, \u201cparticularly in the craters. The craters are much brighter in their walls than we\u2019ve seen before. \u2026Although there still is a brown\u2026a light [gray]\u2026or a gray dusting over the top of it (the regolith) in here, but it\u2019s clearly different\u2014 no question about that.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYou can\u2019t see the contact as you cross it, but we know we\u2019re coming into something lighter. You can obviously see it.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah. We ought to sample the rim of one of these craters when we get our LRV sample, because that\u2019s what\u2019s distinctly lighter.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cHow about a range and bearing, guys?\u201d insisted Parker.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWe\u2019re at 3.8[ km] here, and we can sample that rim. \u2026083 (bearing), 4.4 (distance), 3.8 (range), and I\u2019ve been\u2026\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cHow about right over there, Geno, [for the sample]? Can you get on the rim of that crater?\u201d I asked.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cRight here?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cNo, right to the right there\u2026\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cRight here?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201c\u2026That light stuff. See the big crater here\u2026and the light material right on the rim?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah. I can get there,\u201d Cernan agreed. \u201cBut I\u2019m going to have to not give you much of a turn [for the photo pan] because it\u2019s [too deep]\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cThat\u2019s all right. I got the pictures. Now, if you can swing to the left a little bit and then back. \u2026Whoa. Now, back right. Okay. Hope my camera stays on there [while I sample].\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYou like that?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWhoa. Yeah. Whoa, whoa.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, Bob. We\u2019re 083, 4.4, and 3.8; and I\u2019ve been running about 20 to 25 amps, I think, on both [buses]. \u2026We are in the light mantle. It\u2019s not a contrasting \u2018light\u2019 like you might expect, or like we\u2019re looking at on the Scarp as the Sun shines on it, but I don\u2019t think there\u2019s any question [we crossed the contact].\u201d<\/span> This range of 3.8 km was 0.4 km less than what had be given us as an updated location for this rover sample and the left thumb of the light mantle. This error is large enough to indicate that our position updates relative to Camelot and Horatio were off by several hundred meters.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah,\u201d I agreed as I took the sample. \u201cThe craters that penetrate into it (the light mantle) are definitely different. However, the surface texture is unchanged. There may be fewer blocks\u2026\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay; bag 27 Echo, 27 Echo (72140-45<\/strong>) (soil sample from LRV-2, Fig. 11.19),\u201d Cernan read off, as he took a bag from the Rover sampler.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.19.<\/strong> Location of soil samples 72140-45<\/strong> from the first contact with the light mantle material in the \u201cleft thumb\u201d of the debris flow from the South Massif at LRV-2 (From C. Meyer, Lunar Sample Compendium<\/em><\/span><\/a>, 2010).<\/span><\/p>\n

[Although 72140<\/strong> came from a projection of light mantle material, it is significantly different in fragment concentrations than other light mantle regolith samples (see Chapter 13). Post-mission analysis found that about 17.9% of sub-sample 72141<\/strong> contains rock and mineral fragments similar to those in South Massif regolith; however, it also contains significant basaltic material (15.1%, including 7.9% orange, black and colorless glass), indicating significant impact redistribution of material from nearby dark mantle regolith.<\/span><\/p>\n

The agglutinate in 72141<\/strong> totals about 51%. The sample\u2019s high Is\/FeO maturity index is 81, considerably more mature than earlier samples of regolith from the valley floor\u2019s dark mantle. With an intermediate TiO2\/TiO2+FeO ratio of 0.24, this became the first regolith sample to suggest that high apparent maturity correlates, in part, with low ilmenite content (see Chapter 13). A portion of the high maturation would have occurred since the light mantle was emplaced on the dark mantle; however, some maturation would have been inherited from the pre-avalanche South Massif regolith. In fact, later oblique, high sun images provided by LROC showed that this sample from the left thumb of the light mantle actually came from an avalanche significantly older than the main light mantle unit as shown by its lower albedo indicating longer exposure to maturation effects (Chapter 13).]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cCopy that. And frame count, Jack?\u201d Parker asked even though it should have been obvious I was busy.<\/p>\n

\u201c[Put it in] your bag?\u201d asked Cernan, referring to the SCB hanging on the Rover console. \u2018We don\u2019t want to lose it.\u201d<\/p>\n

To Parker, I said, \u201cStand by.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cHold it (the sampler) up,\u201d requested Cernan as I held the sampler toward him so he could remove and close the cup containing the sample I had just scooped up.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. It\u2019s (the sample) in there.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cIs it in?\u201d he asked to be sure. \u201cOkay. Oops, the bag [on the accessory staff] won\u2019t stay open\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah. It will [stay open] after we get a couple of samples in there. Okay; my locator [photo]\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u201cAnd my locator,\u201d added Cernan.<\/p>\n

[In examining photographs related to this sample site, it occured to me that we should have had a procedure for Cernan to back up the Rover so that the actual sample scar would be visible in these locater photographs. He could have done this easily while I put the sample in the SCB. No significant data on location was lost, but I do not recall that addition of a more accurate location procedure was ever considered.]<\/p>\n

\u201cI hope I don\u2019t lose my camera.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cI can\u2019t reach it, or I\u2019d help you.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. [Frame count] 110,\u201d I reported. \u201c\u2026I guess I didn\u2019t do what I wanted to do, and that\u2019s get that thing (the camera handle) really cinched down\u2026\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cBoy, Bob,\u201d Cernan said, \u201cone of the remarkable things is the Sun-angle difference on that light mantle when you\u2019re looking at the slopes of the Scarp versus what we\u2019re on. I hate to use a familiar term, but my impression right here is there is more of a raindrop influence than back at the LM, or in the darker mantle.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah. Might be,\u201d I said, but skeptical of his raindrop statement.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cI think so,\u201d insisted Cernan.<\/span><\/p>\n

[At the time, I could think of no reason why the micro-meteor impact craters would be better preserved on the light mantle than elsewhere in the valley. If the average grain-size of the materials at the surface of the light mantle were different from regolith surfaces elsewhere, however, the patterns might vary from surface to surface. Indeed, a comparison of the particle sizes for light mantle samples with those from basaltic regolith shows that their size-frequencies peak at about 62 \u00b5m and 16 \u00b5m, respectively<\/span>[16<\/span>]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong>. This probably explains the difference we thought we observed. Additionally, the interiors of these small \u201craindrop\u201d craters are darker than the exteriors due to the effect of sun angle (photometric darkening) and shadow. The light-dark contrast between the darker interior and the light mantle would be greater than on the dark mantle and may create a visual appearance of greater prominence. With time lapsed imagery from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC) available since 2016, there are suggestions that this \u201craindrop\u201d pattern may not be only from micro-meteor impacts so much as from the broad spray of fine secondary debris ejected from larger craters[17]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/strong> (see \u201craindrop\u201d pattern in Fig. 11.5\u2191<\/strong><\/span><\/a>, for example).]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cI think,\u201d I added, but not referring to the raindrop pattern, \u201cthe big thing is, though, that each one of these little [impact] craters is much more lightly colored [than we have seen before]. \u2026There\u2019s no [such] crater in view\u2026that has a blocky rim. There\u2019re fragmental (fragment-rich) rims based on, almost certainly, [the formation of] instant rock, but no blocky rims.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYou know, one of the reasons those craters look lighter is because of their Sun angle [on the] walls of some of these little craters. \u2026It\u2019s the same material we\u2019re driving on, I\u2019ll bet. Yeah, there is instant rock right there, Jack; you\u2019re right.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah. \u2026The fragment population is certainly less than one percent in here,\u201d I observed.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYup.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cRight now, when I say fragments,\u201d I clarified, \u201cI\u2019m talking about rocks that are greater than a centimeter in average diameter.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYou know, it may be me, Bob; but it also seems to be a little bit more difficult to drive down-Sun in this area.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, I think it (down-sun albedo) is brighter, Geno. I was thinking that a minute ago, but it\u2019s hard to make a [quantitative judgment]. \u2026I think your normal (direct down-sun) albedo is greater.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cHere\u2019re some rocks now starting [to appear].\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cAnd the little craters still have the central pits,\u201d I added.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay,\u201d Parker called. \u201cWe\u2019re losing your comm a little bit, guys.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWell, we\u2019re [pointing] right at you\u2026 [There are some boulders.]\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, there\u2019re a few,\u201d I concurred. \u201cThere\u2019re a few blocks. They still look like the gabbro, though. Hard to tell [for sure].\u201d We were crossing an obviously thin projection of the light mantle so it would not be surprising if some gabbro boulders from older craters in the underlying subfloor material projected through the unit and any light mantle covering [on the blocks] had been removed by micro-meteor impacts.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWell, a couple of them (blocks) looked to me like they had some very light crystals in them. See that?\u201d Cernan asked, pointing to a boulder we were passing.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019m afraid those are zap pits,\u201d I warned him.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThey could be.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cI think I\u2019ve been fooled by that, too, and that\u2019s (number of white zap pits) what I [wrongly] estimated the plagioclase [content] by.\u201d I was referring to my early estimate of 50 percent plagioclase in the gabbro versus the ~30 percent indicated by using a hand lens inside the<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>Challenger<\/em>, the second estimate being confirmed by post-<\/span>mission analysis.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWhooo!\u201d exclaimed Cernan. \u201cI just want to keep you out of those slopes [in craters], and I\u2019ll tell you, I get you in some [other craters] by keeping you out of them.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cThat\u2019s all right. \u2026We\u2019re getting a little more blocks in here. Of course, we\u2019re approaching the dark mantle again. Now, you can see the difference. You got to look hard for it! But, you see those craters out in there are not white anymore.\u201d We had crossed the left \u201cthumb\u201d of the light mantle and now were on an inlier of dark mantle I had named Tortilla Flats. (see Fig. 11.19\u2191\u00ad\u00ad<\/strong><\/span><\/a>)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cI got to get around that slope (crater wall).\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah,\u201d I acknowledged. \u201cOkay. You still got Hole-in-the-Wall picked out over there, don\u2019t you?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, I got it. And, I\u2019m trying to keep comm with them as I\u2019m turning here. \u2026And, I\u2019ve been keeping the thing (low gain antenna) [pointed] on [the Earth]. I don\u2019t know if they\u2019re reading us, but I\u2019ve been moving it.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cRead you loud and clear, guys,\u201d responded Parker.<\/p>\n

\u201cLooking up on the South Massif,\u201d I said, trying to concentrate on what I could see rather than on how tired my right arm was becoming from holding on to the camera. \u201cWe\u2019ve got real good views of the block-strewn fields [on the upper slopes of the South Massif]. There seems to be two dominant colorations of the rocks. The light-colored ones [are] very light tan to white, and then there are the blue-gray rocks. There\u2019s one major outcrop of blue-gray about a sixth of the way down the slope [in] the center of the field-of-view we have [at present]; and it looks very much like similar blue-gray rocks right at the crest\u2014 the highest point from our vantage point.\u201d Recent, high resolution and southwest looking oblique images from LROC suggest that these blue-gray rocks may be at the surface of an impact melt flow that drapes the upper portion of the South Massif.<\/span>[18<\/span><\/strong>]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

[This view we had of the north facing, ~26\u00ba slope of the South Massif gave a good opportunity to view indications the basin ejecta history represented by the sequence of exposed rock ledges. Our exploration of the sides of the valley of Taurus-Littrow involved rocks deposited during the formation of various large basins centered within about 1000 km of the area (see Chapter 13). The South and North Massifs bounding the valley appear to be the sides of a graben fault (center mass down relative to the two side masses) as a part of the extraordinary, dynamic and violent impact of the asteroid or comet that created the nearest of these basins, the 740 km diameter Serenitatis<\/em> basin.<\/span>[19<\/span><\/strong>]<\/a><\/sup> (See Chapter 13)]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cBob, [do] you want another sample of the dark mantle here?\u201d asked Cernan. \u201cCould you use that?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, we want [a range and bearing] as soon as you get into the dark mantle. We\u2019re estimating it\u2019s (range) something like 4.3 [to] 4.5[ km]; somewhere in that vicinity.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWe\u2019re there,\u201d I declared, as we reached a point well into the Tortilla Flats inlier of dark mantle bounded on the southeast and northwest by light mantle.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. We\u2019re ready for another (sample), then.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWe\u2019re there,\u201d I repeated. \u201cNow, [Gene], let\u2019s, \u2026if you can, \u2026[get] right over there,\u201d pointing with my glove to a spot with several small rocks, \u201cand maybe I can get a rock with it (the soil). See that batch of rocks there?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cRight here?\u201d he asked, turning to the right.<\/p>\n

\u201cWhoa,\u201d I directed. \u201cYeah. Swing it. Whoa, now swing back over [left]\u2026little more\u2026little more. Whoa. Little more.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cCan you reach it?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cNow, if you go forward.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cCan you reach it?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cHold it. Right there.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, Bob; 082 (bearing to SEP), 5.0 (distance), and 4.3 (range).\u201d These numbers give an average speed since leaving Challenger<\/em> of 7.4 km\/hr. \u201cAnd CDR (Commander) is 3.85 [psi] (suit pressure) and about 70 percent (oxygen) and no [warning] flags.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI got it (the sample),\u201d I said.<\/p>\n

\u201cYou got it? Okay.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI got the rock. I got the rock, and there\u2019s some dirt in there. Maybe I\u2019d better get a little bit more dirt.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah. \u2026You don\u2019t have any trouble getting dirt.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cCan you see in there?\u201d I asked, extending the sampler cup toward Cernan. \u201cIs there much soil [in the cup]?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOh, a little bit\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. I\u2019ll get this [additional] soil [in another cup].\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cCouple teaspoons full [of soil in addition to the rock]\u2026 28 Echo (72150-55), <\/strong>Bob,\u201d reported Cernan.<\/p>\n

\u201cSay again there, Seventeen.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cTwenty-eight Echo,\u201d repeated Cernan. \u201cAnd that\u2019s primarily a rock fragment. Jack\u2019s getting a soil sample [that goes] with it.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.20.<\/strong> Rock Sample 72155<\/strong> showing a line of zap pits along a diagonal up the middle of the rock. (NASA photo S73-18234).<\/span><\/p>\n

[Post-mission examination disclosed that 72155<\/strong> consists of a fragment of fine-grained, vesicular, ilmenite-rich olivine basalt. It looks similar to the breccia clasts in a previous LRV sample (72135<\/strong>) suggesting that, at least at this locale, the bedrock under the dark mantle consisted of rapidly cooled lava from near the top of the subfloor gabbro.<\/span><\/p>\n

The accompanying regolith sample, 72150, representing the dark mantle inlier within the light mantle, has a total of about 20.1% basalt material, including about 10.5% orange, black and colorless glass, a sharply higher amount as compared with the previous regolith sample from light mantle (72141<\/strong>). 72150<\/strong>\u2019s agglutinate concentration is about 52.6%, and, unlike most ilmenite-rich dark mantle regolith, it has a high Is\/FeO maturity index of 82. The high maturity index and agglutinate concentration, combined with an intermediate TiO2\/TiO2+FeO ratio of 0.23 is at odds with other dark mantle regolith samples and suggests contamination by fine-grained light mantle material. Contamination possibly occurred as a result of clouds of fine-grained, mature material ejected during emplacement of the fluidized light mantle (see Chapter 13); however, the particle size distribution resembles other dark mantle regolith, being bell-shaped with a peak at about 50 \u00b5m.]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cJack, look at the wrinkles over there on the North Massif,\u201d commented Cernan as he took a locater photograph toward the easily recognized Lee-Lincoln scarp and Hanover Crater on the toe of the North Massif.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.21.<\/strong> The location of rock sample 72155<\/strong> (white circle). A clear view of the bend in the Lee-Lincoln Scarp on the North Massif and Hanover Crater at the bend are seen in the distance. (NASA photo AS17-135-20649).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah,\u201d I agreed. \u201cThere\u2019s no question that there are apparent lineations all over these Massifs, in a variety of directions. Hey, look at how that Scarp goes up the side [of the North Massif] there. There\u2019s a distinct change in texture. \u2026As a matter of fact, the lineations are not present on the [top of the] Scarp that we can see [higher up from] where it crosses the North Massif. There is no sign of those lineations on [the top of the Scarp] there.\u201d Forty some years later, I referred to this slope on the hanging wall of the Scarp as part of \u201cshaken-not-stirred\u201d terrain, produced by seismic degredation of surface features during faulting.<\/span>[20<\/strong><\/span>]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u201cOh, man; yeah. I can see what you\u2019re talking about now.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cLook over by Hanover,\u201d I said to emphasize my point and referring to a crater just to the north of the scarp trace on the North Massif.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cIt looks like the Scarp overlays the North Massif, doesn\u2019t it?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah.\u201d What had caught my eye was the absence, on the slopes below and south of the Scarp, of the crossing lineations characteristic of the slopes of the North Massif above and north of the Scarp. This, in turn, suggested a difference in operative surface or near-surface processes and\/or age between the two slopes. Also, as discussed further later in this Chapter, seismic shaking associated with the formation of the Scarp may have obliterated the lineated texture on its lower south-facing slope but not affected the lineations on the nearby, south-facing slope of the more stable Massif.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay,\u201d Cernan began as he closed the LRV sample bag. \u201cThis last [sample] was 29 Echo (72161). <\/strong>\u2026Okay, now I need to get [it] in that bag (SCB).\u201d This Rover sample contained regolith from the tongue of dark mantle between the light mantle thumb and the main light mantle unit.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cCopy that. And that\u2019s the soil?\u201d inquired Parker.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThat\u2019s affirm,\u201d Cernan replied. \u201c\u2026Here\u2019s another one (sample),\u201d he said and handed me the second Dixie Cup to put in the SCB. I could reach the SCB to my left more easily than he could.<\/span><\/p>\n

[As expected, post-mission analysis<\/span>[21<\/span><\/strong>]<\/a><\/sup> of 72161<\/strong> disclosed that fragments and agglutinates (31%) derived from basalt and gabbro dominated this inlier of dark mantle regolith. This regolith sample also contained about 9% orange and black, non-impact glass in the greater than 90 \u00b5m size fraction, comparable to other dark mantle regolith samples. The sample has a maturity index of 87, like 81 for 72150<\/strong>, is high relative to dark mantle material elsewhere in the valley and relative to the low agglutinate percentage in this size fraction. This again suggests contamination by very fine-grained agglutinates derived from the light mantle, possibly carried by gases escaping from the avalanche that deposited the light mantle. Mixing of different regolith units also is suggested by other analyses.<\/span>[22<\/span><\/strong>]<\/a><\/sup> Relatively high concentrations of hydrogen (144 ppm) and carbon (204 ppm) in 72161<\/strong> as compared to less than 100 ppm for each element in other dark mantle regolith<\/span>[23<\/span><\/strong>]<\/a><\/sup> may also be a consequence of gas transport of mature, light mantle agglutinates. Additional support for light mantle fines having mixed with dark mantle regolith in 72161<\/strong> comes from particle size-frequency analysis of dark mantle sample 72150<\/strong> as compared with light mantle sample 72140<\/strong>.<\/span>[24<\/strong><\/span>]<\/a><\/sup>]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYou\u2019re going to\u2026 Don\u2019t lose those [other bags on the sampler],\u201d warned Cernan.<\/p>\n

\u201cI won\u2019t. I\u2019ll put it (the sampler) down [on the floor].\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, Bob, we are rolling.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cAnd pray for me, Bob,\u201d I added, \u201cthat I don\u2019t lose my camera. \u2026Okay. \u2026Hanover is quite a ways up the slope [of the North Massif]. I don\u2019t think we\u2019d have gotten to it, as we [tentatively] planned that time. But the appearance you have of the Scarp\/North Massif contact is one of the [top of the] scarp being smoother textured, less cratered, and certainly less lineated. (Rather than saying \u2018scarp\u2019 here, I should have referred to the surface to the south of the scarp.) And I wouldn\u2019t be a bit surprised if it\u2019s, as Gene says, younger [than the massif].\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201c\u2026It\u2019s not just the slope,\u201d added Cernan, \u201cit\u2019s the materials on the other side of the Scarp, on the west (southwest to south) side.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

[Recent examination of high-resolution images from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) and crater frequency analysis have added confirmation that scarps like the Lee-Lincoln Scarp probably result from relatively recent thrust faulting due to the current slow cooling and contraction of the Moon in contrast to an early history of heating and expansion.<\/span>[25<\/span><\/strong>]<\/a><\/sup> This conclusion, in turn, caused me to look more closely at both the LRO images of the valley of Taurus-Littrow as well as those taken by Evans during our stay there. Strong indications exist that the Scarp formed sharply and that adjoining regolith and its superposed craters were \u201cshaken, not stirred\u201d, giving the impression of a fresh mantle being deposited on the surface.[26]<\/a><\/sup> This shaking process also may have been the reason for the lack of lineations on the top portion of the Scarp that crosses the North Massif that I just described. It also indicates that these lineations on the North Massif are not artifacts of lighting.]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, I\u2019m going to have to really ease up on pictures. I forgot to give them a frame count.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah,\u201d agreed Parker. \u201cWe didn\u2019t get a frame count. You want to give us a frame count there, Jack?\u201d Parker\u2019s strange sense of humor showed up, again, in excessive repetition.<\/p>\n

\u201cWell, Bob, \u2026the problem is every time I take my hand off [the handle], my camera loosens up again.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay; I copy that. And our estimate is that if you continue to go between 50 and 100 meters between frames, we\u2019ll make it.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cBoy, I tell you,\u201d exclaimed Cernan. \u201cAre those Massifs getting to look big now! Holy Smoley!\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cThat frame at the LRV sample was about 115,\u201d I said, finally able to see the counter, again.<\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019ll tell you, that Scarp looks nice over there, too, doesn\u2019t it?\u201d (see Fig. 11.21\u2191\u00ad\u00ad<\/strong><\/span><\/a>)<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah\u2026 Okay, we\u2019re back down in our old friend, the dark mantle. And I think the zero-phase point is not as bright as it was. [We\u2019re] passing a small crater, but the block population is still way down there in about\u2014 Whoops, watch that one (crater)\u2014 [the] one percent [range].\u201d My photographs show that the walls and ejecta blankets of craters in the light mantle are distinctly brighter than those in this tongue of dark mantle.<\/span> (AS17-135-20637-56)<\/p>\n

Cernan increased our speed to about 10 or 12 km per hour, but to do so, he had to concentrate on the terrain ahead, particularly when going directly down Sun. Now and then, a small crater will suddenly become visible but too late to avoid.<\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.22.<\/strong> Examples of craters with brighter walls and rims in the light mantle area as we approach Hole-in-the-Wall and the Scarp. (NASA photo AS17-135-20640).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cAnd, Seventeen, for your benefit, we\u2019re showing you with very good net mobility rates here; and things [are] looking quite good.\u201d Parker is referring to being able to have all our planned time at Station 2. We have been driving for about 45 minutes since leaving the SEP site, 4.3 km behind us.<\/p>\n

\u201cThank you,\u201d I acknowledged. \u201cCernan\u2019s doing a great job.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019ll tell you, it takes all your time to drive, though,\u201d explained Cernan. \u201cYou look around, and you\u2019re in a hole.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, here\u2019s another small crater [with] instant rock (regolith breccia), the same little pit [at the center of the crater], and a spattering of glass holding the pit materials together. None of the glass linings look very coherent, Bob. They mainly just seem to be a sprinkling of glass that\u2019s coating\u2026the instant rock. \u2026The craters at about 10 to 15 meters in diameter seem to have somewhat more blocky material in their rims. But they\u2019re not clear-cut blocky rim craters. And here\u2019s one that\u2019s probably 50 meters across that has a fair number of blocks in the bottom. \u2026Looks like it (the impact excavation) might have just about gotten down to where the gabbro (subfloor material) starts to be abundant again.\u201d This observation indicates that the regolith thickness may be about 10 m at this location in the main body of the dark mantle. My more recent studies of the deep drill core indicate that the regolith is largely comprised of units of regolith ejected at different times from valley craters up to several kilometers away. New regolith forms slowly on the surfaces of each unit until buried by another mass of regolith ejecta.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201c[I am going to] start heading toward 12 o\u2019clock (west),\u201d Cernan declared, \u201cand I\u2019m going to work my way up to Hole-in-the-Wall and from there on up, right?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cThat\u2019s good.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cTake a long, easy turnout [toward Hole-in-the-Wall].\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah,\u201d I agreed, looking at our photomap.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.23.<\/strong> On the climb up the Hole-in-the-Wall ramp-like slope ending near the bright haloed crater left of center. The curving line from left to right across the photo just under the 2nd row of reseau crosses from the top and just above the bright crater marks the top of the scarp. (NASA photo AS17-135-20661).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cGot Hole-in-the-Wall, Bob,\u201d he reported. \u201cIt\u2019s a very long, very subtle, very gentle slope. We\u2019ll just have to get some more words when we get there.\u201d In addition to what we could see from orbit prior to landing, Hole-in-the-Wall had been visible on pre-mission photographs as an intersection between a lobe of the Scarp and it\u2019s main body. This gave us a more gradual slope for the ~80 m change in elevation we needed to make during the climb to the top of this otherwise steeply sloping, geomorphological feature.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay; we\u2019re anxiously awaiting them. \u2026How about a range and bearing while you\u2019re at it?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019ve been making 10 or 12 clicks (kilometers per hour) most of the time. \u2026Okay, 082, (bearing), 5.6 (distance) and 4.9 (range).\u201d This put us about half a kilometer from Hole-in-the-Wall. \u201cAnd about 20 to 22 amps (the electric current to the Rover wheel motors) most of the time.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, we\u2019re losing a little bit of low-gain [signal] there, Geno.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI think you need to tilt it (low gain antenna) up a little,\u201d I suggested. \u201c[You are] probably undershooting the Earth. I don\u2019t know [for sure].\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWell, our pitch angle changes all the time,\u201d replied Cernan. \u201cThat\u2019s the problem. Bob, I have been within 10 to 20 degrees of you the whole time.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, Bob, we\u2019re not in light mantle, I don\u2019t think. \u2026Maybe we are.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cI think we are, Jack.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, I guess we are. \u2026According to my geology map [we should be]. I guess we are. Gosh, I was going to say the craters are whiter than they have been. So, we\u2019re back in it (light mantle). And even the zero-phase point\u2019s brighter, too.\u201d Redistribution and mixing of materials along the contact between the light and dark mantle over several tens of meters initially kept me from noticing this change while I concentrated on navigating toward Hole-in-the-Wall. Later analysis of crater size-frequency and exposure ages for the light mantle suggest that the contact has been exposed to impacts for about 75-107 million years (See Chapter 13), resulting in several tens of meters of lateral mixing. As I have continued to work on the geology of Taurus-Littrow, I have come to think that the crater count age of ~75 million years is close to the actual age of the avalanche that deposited the light mantle unit, primarily because rock exposure ages include pre-avalanche exposure to cosmic rays as well as the post-avalanche exposure.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cI think that place where we had those small, blocky craters was within the dark mantle,\u201d Cernan observed. \u201cThey\u2019re not evident here in the lighter stuff.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, yeah.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cBoy, is that (South Massif) getting big. Whoo-ee!\u201d Cernan suddenly exclaimed as a crater ahead surprised him. \u201cHold on.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWhooo-ee!\u201d I repeated.<\/p>\n

\u201cOh, boy.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cThat [motion of the Rover] really gives me a strange feeling,\u201d I said with a good but somewhat nervous laugh as the Rover settled down again.<\/p>\n

\u201cGives me a strange feeling too,\u201d Cernan agreed. \u201cThose [gyrations] are not intentional.<\/p>\n

\u201cI understand.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019m not sure I\u2019ve got enough guts to make them intentional. \u2026Man, everything\u2019s getting to look big the closer you get. \u2026Hole-in-the-Wall looks more promising, though, Bob.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, I don\u2019t think that\u2019s going to be any problem,\u201d I observed.<\/p>\n

\u201cUntil we get up and look back,\u201d qualified Cernan, thinking about the return trip downhill. \u201cOh, man, what a trip this is going to be. Golly\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cThat MIN cooling is just about right, isn\u2019t it,\u201d I said, changing the subject.<\/p>\n

\u201cNo, it\u2019s just about warm for me,\u201d Cernan disagreed, as he was working harder than I due to the driving actions. At this point, his metabolic rate ran about 10% higher than mine. \u201cBob, is my PLSS cooling working all right?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cRog. It looks like it\u2019s working to us,\u201d Parker responded, getting a thumbs-up from Bill Bates at the PLSS telemetry console.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay.\u201d<\/p>\n

Getting back to noting aspects of the local geology, I said, \u201cBob, the rock fragments [on crater rims] still look like gabbro. The craters tend to have white walls and white rims, which they don\u2019t have in the dark mantled area. The block population is way down, [covering about] one percent or less. However, the bigger craters do have more blocks; but nowhere does that population seem to get above about five percent. And that\u2019s on the walls and the rims of the craters, say, bigger than 15 meters [in diameter]. There\u2019s one [crater] probably 20 meters in diameter that has some blocks on it (the rim).\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

[My working hypothesis on the origin of the plume-like, light mantle unit overlying the valley floor and most of the Lee-Lincoln Scarp in this vicinity of the valley began to evolve during pre-mission studies of Apollo 15 photographs of Taurus-Littrow. As I then postulated, an avalanche of fluidized regolith from the north side of the South Massif could explain the photographed characteristics of the light mantle. A cluster of craters on the top of the South Massif further suggested that impacts possibly triggered an avalanche. As a ray of ejecta from the crater Tycho, 100 km in diameter and 2000 km to the southwest, appears to cross the South Massif and the valley, an exposure date on the surface material of the light mantle also might provide a date for the Tycho impact event.[27<\/strong><\/span>]<\/a><\/sup> More recently, however, LROC images indicate that an older avalanche deposit lies below the light mantle, and I have hypothesized that both the avalanches were more likely triggered by separate moonquakes along the thrust fault that produced the Lee-Lincoln Scarp.<\/span>[28<\/span><\/strong>]<\/a><\/sup> The detailed geology of the light mantle is discussed in Chapter 13.]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cHave you seen Nemo [Crater]?\u201d Cernan asked me. \u201cI think Nemo is right over there, if I\u2019m not mistaken. \u2026I don\u2019t know.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cNemo will be hard to see. But, yeah, it\u2019s probably that one right in there,\u201d I suggested, pointing with my left arm to a crater between Tortilla Flats and the Scarp.<\/p>\n

\u201cOr back here. There\u2019s one back here.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWell, it\u2019s pretty \u2026 Yeah, well\u2026 Yeah, that\u2019s close to [the] Scarp. It\u2019s (Nemo) probably right off your [left] wing there,\u201d I concluded.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, I\u2019m going straight ahead,\u201d stated Cernan, \u201cand then I\u2019m going to make a left turn [into Hole-in-the-Wall].\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay\u2026\u201d I turned my attention to Lara, a 700 m-diameter but subdued crater at the top of the Scarp and to the right of Hole-in-the-Wall. \u201cWe\u2019re looking at Lara [Crater]. Now, [in] Lara, \u2026I can see blocks in the northwest rim of Lara. At least, it\u2019s rugged terrain; and it looks like blocky terrain. One spot [of blocks]: that\u2019s all I see. It (the area of blocks) looks like it may be a couple hundred meters in average diameter. It starts maybe three-quarters of the way up the wall [of Lara] and goes right up to the rim.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

[LROC images show that lobes of light mantle extend down into Lara, indicating that the crater pre-dates the deposition of that material. Unlike the case of the similarly sized crater, Camelot, where large boulders of basalt are present largely at and near the rim, boulders around Lara are distributed on the wall and away from the rim much like the case with Horatio. This indicates that the Lara impact occurred significantly before that which formed Camelot (see Chapter 13) and well before the light mantle was emplaced. The visible boulders are likely to consist of subfloor basalt.]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cHey, Bob,\u201d Cernan began, \u201cHole-in-the-Wall seems to be a\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cHey,\u201d I interrupted, pointing to a small crater we were passing. \u201cLook at that. Look at that crater!!<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cRight there? Yeah.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThat central pit goes down about half the depth of the crater,\u201d I continued, \u201cand the crater is a fresh, 3-meter crater. It almost was a cylindrical pit!\u201d These features suggest a significant change in the mechanical (geotechnical) properties of the light mantle with increasing depth.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cHey, Bob, Hole-in-the-Wall is just a step,\u201d reported Cernan, \u201cheaded down to the south or southeast on the Scarp. The Scarp is just about what I think we all expected it to be. It\u2019s very rolling and relatively smooth. I don\u2019t really see any [rock] outcrops exposed anywhere out here [on the Scarp] to the south.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cNo. You see, now there\u2019s Station 3 area right up there.\u201d The planned Station 3 lies at the base of the Scarp and a little northeast of Lara.<\/p>\n

\u201cYep.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cLooks like maybe that set of [craters]\u2026\u201d I began, but then changed my mind. \u201cSee that bigger crater over there to the right of Lara? That probably is a good place for Station 3.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, way over there,\u201d Cernan agreed. \u201cOkay, we\u2019re going to find out something very shortly [about the Scarp].\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cIt doesn\u2019t look very rocky, Gene.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cHow about bearing and range, guys?\u201d requested Parker.<\/p>\n

\u201cBob, I\u2019ll give it to you just as soon as I make my turn,\u201d answered Cernan. \u201cIt\u2019s not too far\u2014 100 meters.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cAre you going to turn over that [area] or go on closer [to the Scarp],\u201d I asked him.<\/p>\n

\u201cNo, I\u2019m going right up straight ahead and then go on to the inside of that place (the Hole-in-the-Wall\u2019s slot).\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah. That\u2019s more than 100 meters,\u201d I corrected, based on my personal calibration that distances seemed shorter than they are.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201c081 (bearing) and 5.6 (range),\u201d I read off for Cernan. \u201cNow the [fresh] craters are getting very, very light colored in their rims and walls.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYou notice when we\u2019re in the light mantle looking at the Scarp at this angle,\u201d Cernan asked me, \u201cit loses some of its high albedo (brightness)?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah. Yeah. I think we\u2019re getting\u2026 Your eyes get used to it.\u201d another factor may have been the photometric effect caused by the actual optical viewing angle of the sloping Scarp being well off zero-phase relative to the Sun.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe\u2019ve got a long depression to go around. \u2026Okay, Jack, we got to watch it because I got to go around a long depression. That\u2019s a crater over there.\u201d Cernan began a series of turns to avoid some steep slopes in front of the Scarp.<\/p>\n

\u201cOn the right; yeah.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI don\u2019t know how I can get over there to\u2026 I may have to go up over there. I can\u2019t go down that hole. That one\u2019s not going to make it.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWhat\u2019s your pitch?\u201d I asked.<\/p>\n

\u201cLet\u2019s go back here. We can\u2019t get there. I\u2019m going to go over here.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWhat was your pitch then, Geno?\u201d I repeated.<\/p>\n

\u201c[To much,] primarily. I can\u2019t go there.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, I think you\u2019re right,\u201d I agreed as I hung forward on my lap belt.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe\u2019ll go up this gentle slope. See what\u2019s on top \u2026Okay. Let me get my [bearings]\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWe made a turn to the south a little bit at 081 and 5.7,\u201d I informed Parker and then asked Cernan, \u201care you going to try to drive up there?\u201d I was looking at a particularly steep part of the Scarp.<\/p>\n

\u201cI don\u2019t think we\u2019re going to have any choice.\u201d At this point, Station 2 lay about 2.2 km and 20 minutes away. My sequence of photographs taken during the climb up Hole-in-the-Wall is AS17-135-20657-65 (see Fig. 11.23\u2191\u00ad\u00ad<\/strong><\/span><\/a>).<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. Looks to me like just to the left of that white crater is a [clear route],\u201d I suggested. (crater mentioned in Fig. 11.23\u2191\u00ad\u00ad<\/strong><\/span><\/a>) \u201cOr even [go] right like you\u2019re headed now and then bear up to the right.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah. \u2026[We\u2019ll] find out how this (Rover) climbs in a minute.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOh, I think you\u2019re all right,\u201d I assured Cernan.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, Bob, I\u2019m starting up the Scarp at 081 (bearing), 6.6 (distance), and 5.7 (range).\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cThis is the first tongue of the Scarp,\u201d I reported, referring to a low, secondary scarp, southeast of Lara that runs roughly parallel to the main Scarp. A relatively flat area about 200 m wide separates the two scarps.<\/p>\n

[More than four decades later, I estimated that the dip of the plane of the thrust fault that created the Lee-Lincoln Scarp is about 26\u00ba to the west. It appears that the various lobes of the Scarp are sections of the projecting hanging wall of the fault that collapsed onto the pre-existing surface, The regolith and underlying basalt that made up the collapsed hanging wall then were covered by several meters of the fine debris of the light mantle avalanche to give the subdued appearance they now have (see Chapter 13).]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cI don\u2019t even think the Rover knows it\u2019s going uphill,\u201d stated Cernan. I\u2019ve got about 37 or [3]8 amps. [We\u2019ll] See what\u2019s on top here.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYou\u2019re making about 8 clicks,\u201d I told him.<\/p>\n

\u201cAnd I\u2019m full bore,\u201d he replied to my laughter. \u201cWell, I\u2019ll tell you, this Rover doesn\u2019t know it\u2019s going up a hill.<\/p>\n

\u201cLooks to me like you may be able to head just like you\u2019re going.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah. Hey, Bob, we\u2019ll make it [up the Scarp]. \u2026Get my [low-gain] antenna adjusted.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWhatever makes up the light mantle is,\u201d I reported, \u201cat least, the instant rock (regolith breccia) that it forms, is much lighter [in albedo] than anything we see [in the dark mantle]. Those [instant rock] fragments probably are 30 percent lighter than any fragments we see out on the dark mantle. And that\u2019s around the fresh craters. But it (the surface) is not blocky\u2026\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cBob, are you still reading?\u201d Cernan called.<\/p>\n

\u201cRoger. Read you loud and clear.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, I just wanted to make sure my antenna\u2019s working,\u201d Cernan explained, facetiously, but it was clear Parker had been distracted by activities in the MOCR, \u201c\u2026We\u2019re doing a little zigzag navigation. I literally came up a slope at about a heading of 240 (west southwest). We couldn\u2019t get through the actual turn to the south because there is a big crater right at the foot of it (the secondary scarp). So we\u2019re just making our way through some relatively local undulating slopes that get pretty steep, but it seems to be no problem [for the Rover].\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, I think we\u2019re in good shape,\u201d I concurred. \u201cBob, I can\u2019t\u2026 There are not any blocks big enough to really make a statement about what the [underlying] rock is. But it really doesn\u2019t look like gabbro anymore.\u201d I am getting a closer look at the blocks as we move more slowly than previously, and they probably are derived from the breccias of the South Massif.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, copy that,\u201d Parker replied. \u201cAnd a reminder that eventually you\u2019re going to have to turn to the south a little bit to pick up the final thing (leg) at Station 2.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWe\u2019re not on top of that Scarp, yet,\u201d I reminded Parker. \u201cWe\u2019re still in the Hole-in-the-Wall rim (entrance). \u2026Bob, as far as lineations in the soil or on the surface that are observable at this range (that is, close at hand), I don\u2019t see any. I think there may be a finer raindrop pattern on the light mantle than maybe there was out on the dark [mantle]. But that\u2019s an awfully hard judgment to make\u2026\u201d<\/span> How you doing, Geno?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cDoing fine. \u2026Bob, we\u2019ve slowed down [to] between about 5 to 8\u2014 maybe 5 to 10\u2014 clicks most of the time. I\u2019m going to head right up there [over the Scarp], I think. [I have to] get around this crater.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cPretty healthy roll we\u2019re going to have here,\u201d I commented, as Cernan once again put me on the downhill side of the Rover in maneuvering around this particular crater.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, I\u2019m going to head more straight up the hill. Once I get up on top, I\u2019ll be all right. I\u2019m going to head down in this hole and then up that way. \u2026I don\u2019t mind pitch, but I sure don\u2019t like roll.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI don\u2019t either,\u201d I agreed while hanging over the right frame of the Rover.<\/p>\n

\u201cNow, I\u2019m going to head straight up that slope right there.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cBob, it looks like maybe the large fragments in here are still crystalline,\u201d I observed. \u201cThey have white zap pits on them. But they do not yet really resemble the gabbros.\u201d If crystalline, the white halos around micro-meteor impact pits suggested significant feldspar and limited magnesium and iron-rich minerals in the rocks.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, Jack. Copy that. Give us a hack when you get up on top of the Scarp there.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cLet me tell you, Bob,\u201d Cernan reported. \u201cI\u2019ve got to go cross-slope some of the time because the Rover is really working to go uphill now. \u2026But we\u2019re almost there.\u201d The Rover drive system could climb up to 25\u00ba slopes. Steeper slopes could be navigated by driving at an angle to the slope while accepting a moderate roll angle.<\/p>\n

\u201cAs I look up the Scarp to the west,\u201d I said, adding to my previous comment, \u201cthere are some big blocks scattered around on our horizon; but, again, I would guess that we\u2019re not dealing with more than 2 or 3 percent total coverage of blocks in here, if that.\u201d These may have been blocks on the rims of craters or those associated with Lara, the shapes of neither being visible from this viewing angle.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWell, I think, for the most part\u2014 for the most part\u2014 we\u2019re on top,\u201d declared Cernan.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, \u2026we\u2019re on top,\u201d I agreed.<\/p>\n

\u201cBob, we\u2019re at 078 (bearing), 7.2 (distance), and 6.2 (range),\u201d read off Cernan.\u201d This meant that the five-minute drive up Hole-in-the-Wall carried us about 600 m at a speed of about 7 kph. \u201cNow, Jack, where was Nansen [Crater] with respect to those [boulder] tracks up there [on South Massif]?\u201d Cernan referred here to tracks we later found led to boulders in the bottom of Nansen, to the west of Station 2.<\/p>\n

\u201cWell, they (the photo analysts) never really had any good tracks pinned down,\u201d I recalled. \u201c\u2026You\u2019ll be able to see Nansen, I think, soon as you get over this hill.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cBoy, I tell you, when we look back (into the valley toward the LM), that\u2019s going to be quite a sight if we can see into that Sun. We have been coming uphill! Well, I\u2019d say this is the last straw to the top. And is she (the Rover) working! Come on, baby\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. I think you bear [left some],\u201d I suggested.<\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019m going to try to get over along the base of the Massif now,\u201d Cernan said.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah,\u201d I concurred. \u201cHead towards that track area there, anyway. There are a lot of boulder tracks coming down from the blue-gray rocks, Bob. We\u2019ll see whether or not we\u2019re going to get to those tracks at Nansen, or we might want to move over to the tracks and see if we can find the boulder that made them.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay; if they\u2019re in the vicinity, it might be a nice idea,\u201d replied Parker.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cBut there\u2019s no question where those tracks come from,\u201d I added. Photographs AS17-135-20666-74 show the distribution of craters, boulders and outcrops on the slopes of the South Massif. Photograph AS17-135-20674 (see Fig. 11.24<\/strong>(top<\/em>)) also illustrates the line of concentrated boulders in the moat to the east of where we would establish Station 2. The vast majority of boulders have come to rest within a single roll of the break in slope, indicating a constant slope from their source but that their residual momentum at the break in slope was very small. The boulders we would sample at Station 2 lie to the far right in this photograph.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.24.<\/strong> (Top<\/em>): A view of a portion of the trough or moat to the east of Nansen Crater and Station 2 showing the concentration of boulders at the break in slope between it and the north-facing slope of the South Massif. (Bottom<\/em>): A closer view of the 2 boulders seen at far right in the top view. We are parked on the interior eastern slope just inside the rim of Nansen. (NASA photos AS17-135-20674, -75).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cAnd we gather you\u2019re slowing down to about 5 clicks now, coming up this last rise,\u201d Parker surmised.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah. I\u2019m back up to about 7 to 10 now, Bob. The slowdown is because that\u2019s about all it will take!\u201d<\/p>\n

Looking up at the South Massif, dead ahead, I observed, \u201cBob, I have the impression that there is a dipping zone (not a horizontal plane) of blue-gray outcrops or block concentrations up there on the Massif that trends from the high point, just beneath the Earth, cross-slope; and probably the apparent dip is\u2014 oh, I don\u2019t know\u2014 10 or 15 degrees (down) to the east. It looks like those outcrops may match up along that trend.\u201d LROC images later suggested that this line of blocks may be the edge of a mass of impact melt deposited on the crest of the South Massif.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cJack, I\u2019m going to head right along this ridge because I think that\u2019s the depression (Nansen) we were talking about.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYep, that\u2019s Nansen down there [to the right].\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWhere are you looking?\u201d Cernan asked. \u201cRight there?\u201d he continued, pointing just to the right of our heading.<\/p>\n

\u201cI think, right below [those boulder tracks].\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI think you\u2019re right. I think that\u2019s it. Let me get over here [to the east], and then I\u2019ll head a little bit to the south.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah,\u201d I agreed, \u201cwe\u2019re a little more west, I think, than we intended to be.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, I think you\u2019re right. \u2026Bob, \u2026what is it (Station 2 position)? 078 (bearing) and 6.5 (range)?\u201d<\/p>\n

While Cernan navigated, I summarized my passing looks at the few boulders I had seen around the larger craters. \u201cBob, I\u2019ve had an impression, and I can\u2019t prove it yet, that we\u2019re dealing with more heterogeneous rock. Possibly there are breccias (rocks made up of fragments of other rocks) in here. But it\u2019s awfully hard to tell right now. They\u2019re very light-colored rocks, I think even lighter colored than the gabbros.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. We\u2019ll soon find out.\u201d Parker stated the obvious.<\/span><\/p>\n

I began to try to correlate boulders with tracks on the Massif slope, but began to have reservations about being able to get to boulders with obvious tracks leading to them. \u201cI\u2019m afraid those [boulders with tracks are all in Nansen]. \u2026I think we can follow those [boulder] tracks. The pictures, maybe, [will show boulder sources.]\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, I think we can see some of those coming down,\u201d added Cernan.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cI think the ones from the big outcrop of blue-gray rock, though, are the ones going into Nansen,\u201d I countered. Nansen\u2019s inner wall, unfortunately, would be too steep and deep to access, although, with hindsight based on the rover\u2019s recent performance, we probably could have worked our way in and out of Nansen by spiraling down its south wall, but we would have sacrificed sampling time at Station 2 to do so.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cBob, my best guess,\u201d began Cernan, \u201clet\u2019s see\u2026\u2014 077 (bearing), 7.7 (distance), 6.6 (range) \u2014 is that we\u2019re coming up on the northern side of Nansen. \u2026And, let me tell you, this is quite a Rover ride. \u2026But it\u2019s quite a machine, I tell you! I think it would do a lot more than we\u2019d let it.\u201d<\/p>\n

With a laugh, I agreed. \u201cThat\u2019s right \u2026I think that big crater up there on the side [of the Massif] is the one that you can see in the photographs, just above Station 2.\u201d (AS17-135-20672, Fig. 11.25<\/strong>)<\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.25. <\/strong>The big crater to which I refer is just above the HGA pointing handle at left, and Station 2 is just out of sight below the central reseau cross. (NASA photo AS17-135-20672).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201c<\/strong>Yeah,\u201d concurred Cernan. \u201cI think if I come up here, do a hard left turn. You unbuckle your belt, [and] you\u2019ll roll right down into the bottom of Nansen.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019m afraid you\u2019re right…\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cAnd remember,\u201d Parker said, \u201cwe\u2019re going to about 068 (bearing) and about 7.4 (range) will be Station 2. At least that\u2019s our estimate.\u201d This was unnecessary speculation at this point, as we would select the actual best place for Station 2 activities.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, there\u2019s Nansen over there, huh?\u201d asked Cernan.<\/p>\n

\u201cWell, I think so,\u201d I replied, not willing to fully commit with only the very uppermost portions of the depression visible.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah. I think you\u2019re right. It\u2019s got to be it. Got to be it.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, Bob, I think we\u2019re into a breccia population now,\u201d I reported. \u201cI think the blocks in the light mantle are largely breccias. They\u2019re mottled in their [surface] characteristics. The white zaps do not seem to be nearly as apparent. They tend to be chalky when they get hit. At least, in the large craters (large zap pits), the walls are chalky looking. \u2026Oh, yeah! We\u2019ve got boulders in Station 2!\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, they\u2019re there.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, sir. \u2026Boy, I tell you, if I hang on to this camera until you stop and can tighten it up, it\u2019ll be a miracle.\u201d I switched hands as often as needed, but my forearms still ached from working against the pressure in the gloves.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cBob, how long have we been driving?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cStand by. We estimate you\u2019ve got about a kilometer and a half to go\u2014 a little over a kilometer, anyway. Stand by, we\u2019ll check on the time. You\u2019re doing great.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cMan, this has been a trip,\u201d I observed in spite of my aching arms.<\/p>\n

\u201cMan, I tell you,\u201d Cernan agreed. \u201cYou know, we\u2019re really up on top of this thing (Nansen). Whoo!\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYou guys have been driving 64 minutes, and that counts the time to stop and deploy the (explosive) charge and pick up the Rover samples.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cHey, Bob,\u201d I called. \u201cWe\u2019re very clearly going downhill now, into the trough area that surrounds the Massif, [that is,] between the [light] mantle and the Massif. But the trough is much greater in extent than just Nansen\u2019s scale. It\u2019s probably a kilometer wide. I never realized that it was so much of a depression in here.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

[Nansen, rather than being a partially buried impact crater, actually forms a much deeper than average part of a continuous trough-like depression along the northern base of the South Massif. The existence of this trough suggests (1) its fault-bounded volume has been increasing at a rate greater than the rate of accumulation of debris from the slope above or (2) the valley floor has separated from the Massif due to faulting recently enough that down slope migration of debris has not had enough time to fill the resulting trough (See Chapter 13).]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019m not sure we\u2019re going to be able to see the LM,\u201d I speculated, thinking about the fact that Station 2 would still be in a portion of the trough.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. How about a range and bearing readout,\u201d Parker requested, seemingly unnecessarily. Mission Control, however, was continuously evaluating the level of consumables in our PLSS versus time in case we would have to walk back to the Challenger<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\u201c074 (bearing), 8.2 (distance traveled), 6.9 (range),\u201d Cernan responded. \u201cWe won\u2019t be able to see the LM from down here. We\u2019ll be too low to see it. Fact is, I don\u2019t think I can see that far.\u201d It is not clear what he had on his mind by this last remark.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe surface patterns are still the same, Bob,\u201d I reported. \u201cThe main difference being that we\u2019re getting, probably, a gradual increase in block population; and the blocks seem to be of a different character. They may be breccias. \u2026And around the crater [we are passing] here, that\u2019s maybe 75 meters in diameter, there\u2019s probably 5 percent blocks\u2014 fragments, I should say\u2014 greater than a centimeter [in diameter].\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cBoy, look at all the dust without that [new] fender,\u201d Cernan said, looking down at the dust flowing to the ground off the left front fender. \u201cI hate to think of what it would have been like with that fender gone.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah \u2026There\u2019s a good-sized block, sort of blue-gray.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cLooking up there, Jack, I ought to get some 500s [photos] looking right up that hill, but\u2026well, you may want to do that out a ways [from the base of the Massif]. \u2026Some of that stuff is mantled, or buried, in the Massif material. Some of [the boulders] just seem to be laying on it (the surface), of course.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah. Well, I think it has to do with how long it\u2019s [a rock] been there,\u201d I reasoned. \u201cYou\u2019ll tend to get the down-slope movements forming uphill fillets, and that\u2019s what a lot of it looks like.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cMost of it is uphill fillets,\u201d Cernan agreed. \u201cMost of it [the fillets] is pretty sharp. \u2026But my guess, from back at the LM, that those blocks on the massif were much more angular, I think, is a good guess because that\u2019s what they look like to me here.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cAnd looking up into our blue-gray outcrop area,\u201d I added, \u201cI still have even more the impression that there\u2019s a planar orientation that [apparently] dips off to the southeast. Maybe just [sub-horizontal] fracturing, but [it\u2019s] pretty clear up there, I think. \u2026It (the apparent dip) may be [caused by] shadows, [however].<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThe LM (means \u2018the Earth\u2019) is now 50 percent of the Massif height away from the Massif. How\u2019s that? I think we will keep it (Earth) on top.\u201d Cernan refers to the probability that we will be able to see the Earth at Station 2 in spite of its location at the base of the South Massif.<\/p>\n

\u201cThat is a high mountain!\u201d I exclaimed.<\/p>\n

\u201c<\/strong>Jiminy Christmas! Listen, if the Earth goes behind it (the Massif), we\u2019re changing Station 2,\u201d Cernan said with a laugh. He probably meant to say \u201cJiminy Cricket,\u201d an expression that gained popularity with the character by that name in the Walt Disney movie Pinocchio<\/em><\/span><\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u201cGonna be nip and tuck, pardon the expression,\u201d I said. \u201cOkay. As we get closer, actually, we\u2019re out of the block area. And that blocky region of 5 percent may have been just associated with that [75 m diameter] crater. I still see no lineations, although\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cLook at these wrinkles (on the Massif), though, Jack\u2026\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah. I was talking about the mantle.\u201d In fact, LRO images show very broad scale lineations, created by a subtle ridge and trough system that extends perpendicular to the base of the Massif. These lineations probably are the result of the movement dynamics of the light mantle avalanche.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOh.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cBut you\u2019re right about [wrinkles] on the Massif,\u201d I clarified.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThe same wrinkled lineations we saw sloping uphill to the west on the eastern half of the Massif are still very evident at this Sun angle,\u201d Cernan added.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, Seventeen, and we\u2019re estimating that you should be there within about 5 minutes to meet the walk-back constraints.<\/p>\n

\u201cCome back up!\u201d I asserted as Cernan headed to the left of some large boulders that we would refer to as Station 2.<\/p>\n

\u201c<\/strong>Bob, we\u2019re almost ready to park.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. Beautiful\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWell, I wouldn\u2019t have gone so far as to say that (\u201cready to park\u2019),\u201d I countered. \u201cWe\u2019re getting close.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019ll give them their 5 minutes. We\u2019ll make it by then,\u201d he said with assurance.<\/p>\n

[As we were farther from the Lunar Module than any previous mission, Parker had expressed a \u201cwalk-back\u201d concern related to the very conservative Mission Rule to deal with a full Rover failure at the end of our investigations at Station 2. This walk-back constraint assumed that, if the Rover failed completely at the end of our Station 2 activities, that we could return to Challenger<\/em> at a rate of 2.7 km\/hr and at a metabolic rate of 1290 BTU\/hr (versus 1000 BTU\/hr on the Rover). Implementation of this Rule, therefore, would be based on Mission Control\u2019s estimate of consumables remaining in our PLSSs. This estimate included a balance between the walk-back use of oxygen, cooling water, and battery power. An alternative contingency assumed a PLSS cooling water failure but with an operating Rover. A PLSS cooling water failure would require the use of the Buddy SLSS hook-up between the two crewmen. Cooling water from the good PLSS then could be shared during the drive back to the Challenger<\/em>. Mission Control assumed that both a Rover failure and a PLSS cooling water failure would not occur. If such a double failure took place, a traverse of some 9.1 km (7.6 km straight-line) walk back to the Challenger<\/em> would have been very marginal and probably would have required eventual use of oxygen from the OPS for cooling. On the other hand, if Cernan and I could coordinate our strides, we probably could have approached the 2.7 km\/hr walking rate]<\/p>\n

\u201cBob, the boulder tracks [down the Massif] are really just chains of small craters, for the most part,\u201d I noted.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cI don\u2019t think they can tilt the television camera high enough to see the top of the Massif,\u201d Cernan speculated. \u201cJack, we\u2019re on the edge here, but I don\u2019t know. Is that the [place]\u2026? Well, let me go up here.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cNo, you\u2019re doing great,\u201d I said.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe\u2019re 071 (bearing), 8.9 (distance), and 7.4 (range).\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cSee, there\u2019s Nansen off to my right now,\u201d I said to encourage him to keep the course he was on.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, I just want to make sure that I\u2019m not driving down a hole here, \u2026which I am, but\u2026I don\u2019t want to drive down [into] Nansen.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cNo, you won\u2019t,\u201d I assured him. \u201cThe [east] end of Nansen is over there near those blocks\u2014 right over there. \u2026Look at those blocks! Unfortunately, the good boulder tracks are over into Nansen.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cGoing down here very slowly,\u201d Cernan said as he eased into the trough at the east end of Nansen.<\/p>\n

\u201cI think [putting a] station just about anywhere near the big blocks,\u201d I hinted, \u201cwould be a good Station 2.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, that\u2019s where I\u2019m going to put it. \u2026Yeah, that\u2019s where we\u2019re going to make Station 2; right up there.\u201d Instead of trying to direct Cernan to do various things related to geology, I would usually just express an opinion, and he generally, but not always, would follow that course.<\/p>\n

\u201cWhat? Straight ahead?\u201d I asked, just to be sure.<\/p>\n

\u201cYep.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYep. Okay.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cBoy, you\u2019re looking right into Nansen,\u201d Cernan said with amazement. Actually, post-mission analysis indicated that we parked about 30 m inside the east rim crest of Nansen. (cf. Fig. 11.26<\/strong> with Fig. 11.24\u2191\u00ad\u00ad<\/strong><\/span><\/a>).<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

Station 2 \u2013 South Massif<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.26.<\/strong> Planimetric drawing showing the general layout of Station 2 on the slope of the South Massif but within the Nansen Crater moat.[29<\/span><\/strong>]<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah. We\u2019re right where we wanted to be for Station 2,\u201d I informed Parker. \u201cAnd it looks like a great place. Big blocks. It looks like quite a bit of variety from here. Different colors, anyway. Grays and lighter-colored tans.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, Jack, I\u2019m going to do a 180 (degree turn) and park the Rover at 045.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cThere\u2019s a blue-gray rock and a lighter-colored tan rock,\u201d I stated as I surveyed the site from the Rover while Cernan evaluated the best place to park.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.27.<\/strong> The steeper portion of the Nansen trough looking west. The trough continues to the right and becomes shallower at its easternmost extent where the LRV is parked (see Fig. 11.28\u2193\u00ad\u00ad<\/strong><\/span><\/a>). (Combination of NASA photos AS17-137-20938, -39, -42).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cSee where they (Mission Control) can look in here (Nansen).\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cAre you going to park it?\u201d I asked, wanting to get off as soon as possible.<\/p>\n

\u201cRight on the other side of this little crater heading [045]. \u2026Okay, Bob you ought to have us again\u2014 045 (bearing), 9.1 (distance), 7.6 (range). Are you reading, by the way?\u201d Cernan asked as he adjusted the low gain antenna.<\/p>\n

\u201cRoger. Reading you loud and clear.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. Let me get [my seatbelt] undone here,\u201d he continued, as I dismounted. \u201cAmp hours are 98 [and] 98. Batteries are 90 and 112 [degrees], and the motors [are]: forward left is off-scale low and right is 340. Forward (actually left) rear is off-scale low, and right is 240. I expect we\u2019ve got a bad meter. Actually, Cernan has misread the gauges and will correct things later.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.28.<\/strong> The eastern extent of Nansen beyond boulder 2 in the foreground. Note the LRV parked at right on the shallow inner slope of Nansen. (cf.<\/em> Fig. 11.26\u2191<\/strong><\/span><\/a>). (Combination of NASA photos AS17-137-20951, -53, -55).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cCopy that on the 340. And you want to give me the bearing one more time there, Gene. All I got was the distance [driven] at 9.1\u2026 and the range [is]?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYes, sir. Zero-point-one, 9.1, 7.6 (range). We are right at Station 2.\u201d This range equated to a net speed from the SEP transmitter near Challenger<\/em> of about 6.4 km\/hr.<\/p>\n

For some reason, reading the gauges continued to be a problem for Cernan. A 045 heading meant he had a glancing sun on the console and that may have been the problem. I largely left the Rover housekeeping up to him while I reconnoitered the area for sampling opportunities.<\/p>\n

\u201cLook at Nansen!\u201d I exclaimed, impressed by its depth relative to the rest of the South Massif trough. \u201cMy goodness gracious.\u201d<\/p>\n

Without letting us get the lay of things around Station 2, Parker began to spout recommendations. This was the beginning of a period of friction in communication, activity sequence, and judgment between him and me. He seemed to forget why we just drove over an hour to get to the foot of the South Massif. \u201cWhen you\u2019re at the station, here\u2019s a couple of things we\u2019d like for you guys to look at in the [housekeeping] overhead. In addition to them, we\u2019d like the TV lens to be dusted, in addition to the regular dusting\u2014 that\u2019ll take the lens brush, remember.\u201d<\/p>\n

Ignoring Parker for the moment, I asked Cernan, \u201cCan you try to tighten that [camera handle for me]?\u201d<\/p>\n

Not to be deterred, Parker continued, \u201cYou might check the low-gain antenna elevation to make sure it\u2019s at 45 degrees. We think you commented on that, and I think you\u2019re right now looking at tightening Jack\u2019s camera handle.\u201d<\/p>\n

Changing my mind as Cernan worked on aligning the high gain antenna, I overruled Parker. \u201cI\u2019ll work on that (handle). Gene, you go ahead with the other [stuff.]\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. Yeah, we are at 45 degrees (low-gain antenna elevation), Bob. Let me check it. I\u2019ll lose the comm on you a second. I\u2019ve got to turn it towards me. \u2026Mark it at 045.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cAnd, Seventeen, \u2026Jack, we\u2019d like you to check the SEP [receiver] [30]<\/a><\/sup> for us. I suspect we\u2019ll have to turn it off and open the mirrors and dust them.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cBoy, when you get this (TV) picture\u2026\u201d Cernan said, referring to the view they would have, \u201cYou[\u2018ve] got high gain.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cRoger. Thank you. We have TV. \u2026 Geno, we did not get a good bearing from you guys. We might also check the LMP\u2019s camera.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. I\u2019ll give it to you again. \u2026071 is the bearing [to the SEP transmitter].<\/p>\n

\u201cThat\u2019s (camera handle) fixed.\u201d I had taken my camera off, set it on the Rover seat, and re-tightened the handle screw as tight as I could.<\/span> \u201cOh, you mean [frame count] for pictures?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cRoger.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201c142 [frames] on the LMP\u2019s camera. The [SEP receiver] temperature is 105.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cRoger. Let\u2019s turn off the (SEP) power and the recorder, open the blankets, and dust it.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201c[SEP] Power\u2019s off; blankets are open; and, Gene, you\u2019ll have to dust it.\u201d He had the only brush, of course.<\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019ll get it. I\u2019ve got a lot of dusting to do here, Jack.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. \u2026Let\u2019s see what we\u2019ve got to do,\u201d I said, looking at my Cuff Checklist.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe\u2019ve got a lot of housekeeping to do right now,\u201d Cernan replied.<\/p>\n

\u201cAnd, Jack, I presume when I told you, you turned off the receiver, didn\u2019t you? Not just the DSEA (Data Storage Electronics Assembly)?\u201d We would eventually bring the DSEA back to Earth with us.<\/p>\n

\u201cThat\u2019s affirm. I turned off both switches.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cThat\u2019s what I thought. Thank you.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOh, my scoop! My scoop just came off [the extension handle]! That\u2019s interesting. I\u2019d better check the rake. [Scoop] vibrated loose, I guess.\u201d Both the scoop and the rake had the same push-and-rotate spring loaded ball connector that apparently could vibrate loose, particularly if dust were beginning to work its way into the connector. Fortunately, the scoop, on its extension handle and in a clip on the Gate, did not bounce off during our drive.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019ll get (open) the battery covers,\u201d stated Cernan.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay; and Jack, \u2026we\u2019d like to get an EMU check on you,\u201d Parker requested, ignoring that I was working on the scoop and rake.<\/p>\n

\u201cStand by\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cAnd, Jack, we\u2019d like to go to India (AS17-138)[31]<\/a><\/sup> on the (camera) magazine for you\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, magazine India,\u201d I replied. \u201cMy goodness, we\u2019ll never get started,\u201d I griped, as I stuck my scoop in the regolith while I went into the seat compartment to get magazine India. All these added housekeeping requests frustrated me as they delayed getting to the reason for both taking the time to drive here and significant risk of being seven and a half kilometers from Challenger.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u201cMan, we are down in a depression,\u201d observed Cernan\u2026 \u201cLook at where we came down [here], Jack. And that was just one of the hills. Got to go back up and then down some. \u2026Hey, thank you for that fix on the fender, by the way, because I\u2019d hate to see what it would look like without it\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201c\u2026And John [Young] suggests that we might just check it momentarily while you\u2019re here to make sure it\u2019s still holding on good and tight\u2014 both the clamps and the tape.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201c<\/strong>Yeah, that\u2019s on my list [of things to do],\u201d Cernan replied. \u201c\u2026If it (the fender) stayed on through that ride it may never come off! Have you got a lens brush in there [under the CDR seat], Jack?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYup,\u201d I acknowledged as I exchanged film magazines and put the India dark slide in magazine Golf (AS17-135) I had taken off my camera.<\/p>\n

\u201cWell, hold it a minute. I\u2019ve got to get this SEP. Do you want me to dust the SEP, is that what you said?<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cDo you want the covers open?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cThey should be open and dusted,\u201d I confirmed.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. The SEP is open. It\u2019s about 100 degrees.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201c105 [degrees].\u201d I had reported this earlier.<\/p>\n

\u201c105? Okay. And it\u2019s dusted.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cHere\u2019s your lens brush; if you need it.\u201d I leaned across the Rover seats.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, thank you. My camera [lens] look all right to you?\u2026 Let me get yours; lean over here, and I\u2019ll get yours.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. I\u2019ll [let you] get mine, too\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cAnd, Jack,\u201d called Parker, \u201cwe\u2019re suggesting that you\u2019re getting a little warm. Maybe INTERMEDIATE cooling might help.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cBob, I feel the same way; but I want to get this camera fixed, \u2026I mean, [get] the film changed.\u201d Once I had attached the new film magazine to my camera, I advanced the film a few frames to make sure photographs would begin beyond any exposed film.<\/p>\n

As Cernan dusted the lens of the TV camera, already transmitting to Earth, he jokingly asked, \u201cCan I change your oil?\u201d The question harked back to the time of full service filling stations when attendants cleaned your car windows and asked if they should check the engine oil level. Times surely have changed.<\/p>\n

\u201cOh, thank you, Geno. It looks much better\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cHow about any other service I can be?\u201d<\/p>\n

Interrupting this jocular exchange, I said, \u201cOkay, Houston, the number of blocks plotted on the map are not nearly enough.\u201d I finally could start planning our sampling operations. \u201cIn the greater than 1-meter range, there are many hundred blocks on the Massif flank of Nansen (that is, on the south side of Nansen) and up around Station 2, where we are. There are only one or two blocks on the light mantle side of Nansen. It looks as if the [blocky] material in the bottom of Nansen is overriding (younger than) the light mantle materials of the north wall (of Nansen). That\u2019s just an impression. They\u2019re (blocks) slightly lighter albedo than the north wall of Nansen.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cCopy that, Jack. Looks fantastic up there.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cAnd I suggest that we do our raking\u2026That\u2019s right, [Bob]\u2014 I just told you everything you can see\u2014 [I suggest that we do our raking] fairly close to the Rover to get sort of the general population of talus material coming off the Massif\u2026\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cBob, on my mark,\u201d Cernan began, but then interrupted himself. \u201c\u2026I\u2019ve got everything: hammer, gnomon, film. Okay. MARK it; you have a gravimeter measurement going.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cThe blue-gray rocks are breccias,\u201d I reported, having moved off the light mantle unit, on to the side of the Massif, and into the block field we would sample. \u201cThey\u2019re multilithic, gray-matrix\u2026matrix [dominated] breccias, I guess. There are fragments in them, but it doesn\u2019t look like more than about 10 or 15 percent fragments.\u201d I used these estimates of the percent of fragments in the breccias versus the amount of matrix to help distinguish between various boulders. \u201cFragment\u201d meant those clasts large enough to be distinguished easily from the matrix, say a few millimeters or larger. I suspect that these estimates may be biased toward the larger sized fragments.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.29.<\/strong> Boulder 1 at Station 2 showing apparent layering\/foliation that, along with its petrolographic characteristics, makes this boulder unique among those investigated and sampled at the bases of the South and North Massifs. Its bluish-gray color and low albedo suggest that Boulder 1 came from a similar outcrop about 1500 m, vertically, above Station 2. The near-field projecting layers are roughly 30-50 cm thick. I am investigating the northern side of the boulder at far right. (NASA Photo AS17-137-20900).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cSome of the light-colored fragments seem to have very fine-grained dark halos around them,\u201d I continued. \u201cThe zap pits [in the matrix] do not have white halos, so I suspect they (the matrixes) are not [coarsely] crystalline. They might be the vitric or glassy breccias. At least, the one big rock we have here.\u201d The absence of white halos indicates that the clasts and matrix are both rich in minerals containing magnesium and iron.<\/p>\n

\u201cThere\u2019s a very rough foliation in them (the blue-gray breccias)\u2014 and I\u2019m not sure\u2014 it\u2019s shown by the elongate knobs on the [boulder] surface. It looks like a fracture (shearing) foliation of some kind.\u201d (Fig. 11.29)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cJack, that rock has almost got to have come down [from outcrops], don\u2019t you think?\u201d Cernan bent back some to get a view of the upper reaches of the South Massif.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOh, no question about it,\u201d I replied, certain that gravity operated on the Moon as it does on Earth. \u201cI\u2019ll bet you it\u2019s the same as the blue-gray rocks we see up higher. Here\u2019s some more blue-gray ones over here.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cLet\u2019s start taking [samples]. \u2026Oh, yeah. Look at the size of some of these light fragments in here.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, but it still\u2026looks like they\u2019re dominantly matrix [dominated] breccias,\u201d I concluded. \u201cThere are light-colored fragments, and they may be crystalline\u2026\u201d I leaned closer for a better look. \u201cThey are [crystalline]. They\u2019re very light colored; they look like the shattered anorthosites. They have white halos [around zap pits]\u2026 I think that\u2019s what those fragments are.\u201d This is a good example of how field geologists use whatever direct or indirect information is available to identify rocks, minerals and textures and to correlate between similar rocks and minerals at different locations. In this case, I had already learned that white halos around \u201czap pits\u201d indicated the presence of crystalline plagioclase, based on my close examination of the relatively coarse-grained gabbro boulders near the Challenger<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n

The first boulder at which I stopped became known as \u201cBoulder 1\u201d. I selected it for sampling because of its apparent heterogeneity as a friable, roughly-layered (foliated) breccia and the apparent resemblance to the blue-gray outcrops we could see high up on the massif. The photographs of Boulder 1 (AS-138-21029-35 and AS-137- 20900-09;<\/span> Fig. 11.29\u2191<\/strong><\/span><\/a>) show that 30-40 cm thick irregular, knobby layers are separated by 5-10 cm of less resistant and less knobby zones. We had no trouble in collecting a series of samples across the layers. These samples later became the focus of a consortium study in which I participated, called \u201cConsortium Indomitable,\u201d and led by John Wood of Harvard\u2019s Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory.<\/span>[32<\/span><\/strong>]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u201cJack, let\u2019s get a piece of this one (fragment) right here.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s the biggest one here.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cSet her (the gnomon) up,\u201d I directed. \u201cThis is the blue-gray [breccia] variety, Houston.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019m going to take that little knob off up there.\u201d Cernan declared his intentions without giving me the chance to work out an appropriate sampling strategy for a possibly multi-compositional, layered boulder. Nonetheless, we eventually sampled four of the major zones. I began to modify his approach, as he had picked the next to topmost zone to sample first.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay; well, you can work that block over [its full width.]\u201d<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u201c<\/strong>Yeah.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWe can get several examples,\u201d I added. \u201cWe ought to sample across that layering\u2014 that foliation.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOne comment,\u201d Cernan broke into the sampling process giving me the opportunity to look more closely at Boulder 1. He basically repeated what I had observed earlier while housekeeping tasks around the Rover distracted him. \u201cWhen you look down into the bottom of Nansen, it looks like\u2014 I guess, [this] would sound obvious\u2014 that some of the debris that has rolled off of the South Massif covers up the original material there that covers the north wall of Nansen. There is a distinct difference. You\u2019ve got that very wrinkled texture in the north slopes of Nansen, and you\u2019ve got the South Massif debris (boulders) in the south slopes of Nansen. And the debris, of course, overlays the north-slope (wall). And all the rock fragments, all the boulders that have come down, are all on the south side of the slope (walls) of Nansen.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

[The training program in field geology I had put together for the post-Apollo 11 missions (Chapter 2) emphasized, among a number of other basic observational techniques, how to organize your thoughts by deciding which material lay on top of other material, that is, what is the apparent relative age sequence of various materials. Cernan\u2019s description of Nansen shows the positive effects of that training. At other times, his more rambling descriptions are hard to follow.<\/p>\n

Cernan\u2019s note of the \u201cwrinkled texture\u201d on the north wall of Nansen related to the broad, ridge and valley physiography of the surface of the light mantle. With a wavelength of about 100-200 m, this physiographic texture shows particularly well in recent LROC images and apparently developed along the flow direction of the fluidized avalanche. Some of the more narrow ridges and valleys on the north rim of Nansen appear to join in local \u201cV\u201d shapes that point consistently opposite the apparent flow direction, suggesting flow around buried obstacles. Some back flow of avalanche material is suggested by a lobate scarp across the floor of Lara, a ~700 m diameter crater buried by the avalanche. Rough estimation of the depths of post-avalanche craters, a few of which expose underlying dark mantle, indicates that the light mantle thickness varies from more than 3 m in the northwest to more than 6 m in the southeast across the body of the unit that is within about 3 km of the base of the South Massif. The maximum flow distance was about 5 km with thinning toward the distal plumes. Recent examination of LROC images also has disclosed that the main body of the light mantle partially overlies a significantly older and darker (more mature) light mantle unit (See Chapter 13). This discovery, in turn, makes it improbable, but not impossible, that ejecta from Tycho triggered either avalanche. Faulting related to the formation of the Lee-Lincoln Scarp appears to be the more likely trigger of the avalanches (Chapter 13).]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, Houston. I take back what I said about no [zap pit] halos. There are light\u2014 not very sharply light\u2014 but light halos around zap pits in the matrix. The matrix [zap pit impact] glass is dark, and it seems to have a greenish cast; but it\u2019s very dark.\u201d These two observations indicate two things: first, the matrix is finely crystalline, and, second, the matrix contains some iron and\/or magnesium-bearing minerals.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOh, look at that blue!\u201d exclaimed Cernan. \u201cLook at the white fragments in there.\u201d Some of the more coarsely crystalline plagioclase clasts appeared bluish, as some varieties of plagioclase often do.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cLet me come and help you there [with that sample].\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cMan, there\u2019s some boulder rolling rocks here, Jack,\u201d he said with a laugh.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, don\u2019t wreck the fillets [with your boots]. There\u2019s an overhang we\u2019ve got to get into.\u201d I had been hoping for an opportunity to sample regolith that had been protected from the solar wind and this overhang looked promising. An exposure age on the regolith would give a measure of when the boulder rolled into position. The overhang\u2019s shadow also constituted a possible cold trap for volatile elements that might migrate there through the transient lunar atmosphere.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay; [bag number] 514 (72235) <\/strong>is the [knob],\u201d I began, but then looked at the fresh surface of the rock Cernan had broken off. \u201cOkay, I\u2019ll take it back (my previous statement about the breccias). On the fresh surface, these look like fragment [dominated] breccias although the fragment size is fairly small. There are dark gray fragments and the light fragments we talked about. The gray ones are very fine-grained and dense, although I see flashes that indicate they may be crystalline. The light-colored fragments are [crystalline] as I described earlier, I think\u2026[the sample is in bag] 514.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

[Post-mission examination of 72235<\/strong><\/span> (Fig. 11.30\u2193<\/strong><\/span><\/a>) revealed a very heterogeneous, multi generational, laminated breccia, much as I described, with its light-gray matrix appearing to be similar to that in 72275<\/strong> (see below). Most of the material in the sample is fine-grained crushed plagioclase (over 80%) mixed with small amounts of basaltic and olivine-pyroxene-rich clasts. This material is aggregated as light and dark, irregular and discontinuous, marbled layers. Dark layers appear to be impact melt breccias and are significantly finer grained than light colored, more clast-rich layers. The dark layers also contain small patches of Ba-rich intergrowths of quartz and K-feldspar referred to as \u201cmicrogranite\u201d. One portion of the crushed feldspar from 72235 contains about 17 ppm iridium, probably derived from an impacting asteroid.]<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.30.<\/strong> Lunar Receiving Laboratory images of breccia sample 72235<\/strong> from Boulder 1, Station 2, as unpacked, showing the marbled character of samples from this large boulder. C1 circled in the bottom photo marks a small clast of KREEP-rich norite. (KREEP = material rich in potassium, rare earth elements, and phosphous with significant thorium.) The reference cube is 1 cm on a side. (NASA photos S73-23590, -585).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201c[Lets get] this other one [from higher up],\u201d suggested Cernan.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201c[Jack,] if you could tear yourself away in the middle of that sometime to give us an EMU readout, we\u2019d appreciate it,\u201d Parker\u2019s annoying request came in the middle of our first real geological sampling activity for this EVA. \u201cWe haven\u2019t gotten that from you yet on the EVA.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. I\u2019m [busy]. Stand by. Cernan\u2019s got a rock to go [in a bag]. \u2026That\u2019s from up higher?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThat\u2019s a little higher,\u201d confirmed Cernan. \u201cSee that chop [mark] up there?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.31.<\/strong> Photo of re-assembled pieces of rock sample 72275<\/strong>, a polymict breccia. The numbers are sub-sample identifiers. The cube at right is 1 cm. (NASA photo S73-16077).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay,\u201d I began again, \u201cThe first rock was from about\u2014 [that is,] 514\u2014 was from a meter above the base of the rock; [bag] 515 (72275) <\/strong>is from about a meter and a half. \u2026Here, can I get this in your (SCB)? \u2026Can you get some (samples) on either side of those two now?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah.\u201d I was trying to make sure Cernan used the hammer to obtain samples from each of the major layers exposed on the boulder.<\/span><\/p>\n

[The post-mission examination and analysis of 72275<\/strong> found that it was equally as complex a breccia as 72235<\/strong>, with light-colored clasts and breccia patches mixed with clasts and stringers of dark, fine-grained microbreccia. Plagioclase-olivine-orthopyroxene (olivine norite) clasts dominate (~50%) with abundant plagioclase in the very fine-grained matrix. Portions of the light-colored, friable matrix have porosities up to 30%, suggesting near surface aggregation of Boulder 1. There is one large clast of crushed anorthosite (Fig. 11.31\u2191<\/strong><\/span><\/a>, lower left).<\/span><\/p>\n

A cosmic ray Kr exposure age determination for 72275<\/strong> gave 52.5 \u00b1 1.4 million years.]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYour [SCB\u2019s] open,\u201d I warned as I dropped the samples in Cernan\u2019s SCB on the left side of his PLSS. \u201cI\u2019ll leave you open for a minute,\u201d I added, knowing we would get several more samples at this boulder.<\/p>\n

\u201cWell, okay. Just so they don\u2019t fall out. Am I (the samples) in?<\/p>\n

\u201cNo. Let me get this other one. \u2026Okay, go ahead.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cLet me try [to get a sample] from back here,\u201d Cernan said, temporarily forgetting to finish sampling the boulder.<\/p>\n

\u201cOf course, that\u2019s a north\/south overhang,\u201d I responded to remind him that we wanted a north-facing east-west overhang for continuous protection from the Sun. Such an overhang would be found at Station 6 on EVA-3.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah. That one?<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, you\u2019re facing right into the east [and the sun].\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, yeah. I don\u2019t know if I can get a piece back here or not,\u201d Cernan commented, going back to the boulder.<\/p>\n

\u201cHow about right where you [are]? \u2026Yeah, [right there].\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cRight here? I can get that,\u201d confirmed Cernan.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, that\u2019s good. Oh, beautiful!\u201d I exclaimed, pleased with the piece he knocked off with the hammer. \u201c[It] hit the gnomon.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWell, I already\u2026 It (the gnomon) didn\u2019t move. It just tilted it.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cThis it?\u201d I asked, pointing with my scoop.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, that\u2019s it right there. \u2026Let me set my working tool (the hammer) down here.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cGot a bag?\u201d I asked as I picked up the sample in my scoop.<\/p>\n

\u201cComing right up.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cBoy, that dust [on the rock],\u201d I noted. \u201cOnce you get it on there, you might as well forget it (looking at the fresh face). \u2026494, [bag] 494 (72215) <\/strong>is from a half a meter above the base of the rock\u2026\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.32.<\/strong> Rock sample 72215<\/strong> showing patina and zap pits. (NASA photo S73-23569).<\/span><\/p>\n

[\u201cConsortium Indomitable\u201d concluded that 72215<\/strong> is a hard, gray polymict breccia with many different types of clasts. Its mineral clasts indicate that it was derived by impact from a source rock composed of plagioclase and olivine (troctolite) and dark, very fine-grained recrystallized melt-breccia. Like 72235<\/strong>, sample 72215 also contains about five percent fragments made up of quartz, potassium feldspar, and Fe-rich pyroxene\u2014 that is, a KREEP-rich granite.<\/span><\/p>\n

The cosmic ray Kr exposure age measures 41.4 million years, about 10 million years less than for 72275<\/strong>. This difference may be due to 72215<\/strong> being partially shielded by the mass of Boulder 1 versus 72275<\/strong> coming from near its top (see Fig. 11.35\u2193<\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/span>).]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cAnd these are samples from across the layering\u2026\u201d I continued. \u201cThese are samples from across the foliation. \u2026What do you think, [Gene]? Can you get that one up there?\u201d I asked pointing to another zone in the boulder.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah. I might either get that or this other piece up here. Without busting my butt.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWell, don\u2019t take any chances,\u201d I cautioned.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, I\u2019m not going to,\u201d Cernan assured me. \u201cHow about this one? Here\u2019s a whole big piece.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. That\u2019s a good representative fragment.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cCan you get it?\u201d Cernan asked, handing me the hammer.\u201d I can\u2019t reach it without my camera hitting (the boulder). That\u2019s a football-size fragment.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, this next sample,\u201d I began, but then asked Cernan, \u201cCan you get a bag out, and we\u2019ll try to put it around it, [that is,] around the end. \u2026Bob, it\u2019s (the boulder) highly variable. This [next sample] is a light-matrix breccia; whereas the other three fragments were dark-matrix or dark-fragment breccias. The big rock [I just knocked off] is a light-matrix breccia with dark fragments, and it\u2019s the one that has the (zap pit) halos around the light fragments. And that\u2019s in 495 (72255), <\/strong>barely. It\u2019s (the sample) not even in it (the bag). It\u2019s just\u2026[the] 495 [bag] is wrapped around it (the sample).\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s (the bag) not going to stay,\u201d concluded Cernan.<\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.33. <\/strong>Rock sample 72255<\/strong> from the lower part of Boulder 1 (see Fig. 11.35\u2193<\/strong><\/span><\/a>). Most of the right side is freshly broken from the boulder. (NASA photo S73-23729).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s not going to stay, is it?\u201d I agreed.<\/p>\n

\u201cNo. Well, \u2026it\u2019s a football-size fragmental rock.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWhy don\u2019t you see if you can stuff it in there\u2026with the bag down,\u201d I suggested.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, we\u2019ll be able to identify 495 when we get back. Okay, it\u2019ll stay.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cIs the bag on it now?\u201d I asked to make sure.<\/p>\n

\u201cWell, yeah. \u2026It\u2019s on it, facing down.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cGreat.\u201d<\/p>\n

[Post-mission examination of 72255<\/strong> indicated that it, like other Boulder 1 samples, consists of a hard matrix containing a highly variable mix of clasts, dominated by various dark, and crushed rock types. One of these dark clasts, that investigators called \u201cCivet Cat,\u201d is plagioclase-orthopyroxene rock (norite) that has relict indications of slow crystallization at depth within the lunar crust. (Fig. 11.34<\/strong>) The Rb-Sr isochron age for this clast of 4.08 \u00b1 0.05 billion years may show either the crystallization age of the original norite parent or, more likely, to a partial reset of that age by subsequent impact events.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.34.<\/strong> Lunar Receiving Laboratory image of breccia sample 72255<\/strong> from Boulder 1, Station 2, showing the sawn face towards the viewer, including the 2 cm \u00d7 2.5 cm cross-section of the \u201cCivet Cat\u201d clast of norite (plagioclase and orthopyroxene) near the center. (NASA photo S84-37180).<\/span><\/p>\n

Based on the samples, Boulder 1 turned out to be comprised of impact-generated breccias made up of a wide variety of different types of rock and mineral fragments (polymict breccia). Extremely fine-grained to finely granular material makes up 40-70 percent of the matrix of the samples. Almost half of the volume of the matrix consists of fragments of plagioclase, olivine and pyroxene. Plagioclase is twice as abundant as the other two minerals combined, explaining the noticeable light halos around zap pits I had observed. The matrix also contains thermally metamorphosed fragments of Mg-suite rocks<\/span>[33<\/span><\/strong>]<\/a><\/sup>, including coarse-grained gabbro (Ca-plagioclase and pyroxene), troctolite (Ca-plagioclase and olivine) and granite (quartz and potassium feldspar). Of particular interest are zircon (ZrSiO4<\/sub>) crystals from 72215. 41 Pb-Pb ages determined on these crystals range from 4.3-4.4 billion years, matching the oldest zircon ages measured on Earth. This range of ages spans the ~4.35 Ga concentration of ages of many Mg-suite rocks (Chapter 12) and may be related to the effects of the impact formation of the Procellarum Basin.<\/span>[34<\/span><\/strong>]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

The extreme heterogeneity and friable nature of Boulder 1 are unique among boulders of impact breccias we examined and sampled at this station and later at Stations 6 and 7. \u201cConsortium Indomitable\u201d concluded that two distinct breccia associations exist in Boulder 1. In the first, crushed basalt is interlaced with a light-gray, plagioclase-rich matrix into a relatively friable breccia. In the second, crushed anorthositic rock is interlayered with a hard, dark gray to black fine-grained matrix of microbreccia. The Consortium concluded that materials in Boulder 1 record two major impacts, the younger of which had created the friable breccia and incorporated the older, hard microbreccia.<\/span><\/p>\n

In retrospect, sampling of Boulder 1 may have been biased toward the more coherent materials that better resisted micro-meteor erosion and therefore formed the knobs on the boulder that were easier to break off. (<\/span>Fig. 11.35\u2193<\/strong><\/span><\/a>) On the other hand, some of the more friable breccia obviously adhered to the Boulder 1 suite of samples. As Consortium Indomitable recognized, this friable breccia formed the host material of the more coherent components. A rough, eyeball estimate of the differential micro-meteor erosion of the surface of Boulder 1, using our photographs of the sampled area, suggests that about 10% of the boulder consists of the more friable form of breccia. Further consideration of Boulder 1 in the overall context of the stratigraphy of the massifs and origins of various breccia units we sampled is given in Chapter 13.<\/span><\/p>\n

An impact event on the higher slopes of the South Massif exposed Boulder 1 between 40 and 50 million years ago, as indicated by cosmic-ray Kr exposure ages of about 41 Myr for 72215, 44 Myr for 72255, and 52 Myr for 72275, and a 41 Myr Ar exposure age for 72255. That same event probably caused Boulder 1 to roll to its present position, after the light mantle avalanche occurred 75-107 million years ago, as indicated by a comparison of boulder exposure ages and light mantle crater count ages (see Chapter 13). The younger boulder exposure ages, in turn, indicate that the light mantle avalanche carried away many if not most of the pre-existing talus boulders then in place at the base of the South Massif. These older boulders, due to their small surface area to mass ratio, would have sunk to the lower portions of the fluidized and flowing avalanche.]<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.35.<\/strong> Boulder 1, Station 2 at the base of the South Massif, showing the locations of the four samples obtained there. The near-field projecting layers are roughly 30-50 cm thick. (Modified from<\/span> [<\/a>35<\/a><\/span>]<\/a><\/strong>).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Parker came in with a question from the Science Back Room: \u201cDo you guys see any tracks coming down to these boulders? Do you have any feeling that you can place [the source of] these that way?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cBob, unfortunately, no,\u201d I answered. \u201cThe main tracks are out into Nansen, and I don\u2019t think we can get over there.\u201d This repeated what I had said earlier as we drove up to the site.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay; that\u2019s those biggies that we see on the maps, huh?\u201d Parker wondered.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah. Coming up [to Station 2], I was looking,\u201d I said, \u201cand there are no obvious tracks coming down here.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWatch your shadow, Jack,\u201d Cernan said as he took the after photos that would document exactly which samples we gathered.<\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019ll get it. Wait a minute; that gnomon is probably not\u2026 Well, that\u2019s right; you got stereo earlier.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, I reset it,\u201d Cernan noted.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cThe gnomon was moved a little between the samples,\u201d I reported as I started to take some after sampling photographs. \u201cDo you need to take a vertical pan?\u201d I asked Cernan.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, I\u2019ve gotten it all. I\u2019m getting it all.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYou getting the flight line? I\u2019ll get a flight line this way. \u2026Post-sample flight line, [complete].\u201d When a boulder or feature could not be photographed with two stereo frames, we used a sidestepping, \u201cflight line,\u201d procedure to provide several photos that give full stereo coverage.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, Bob. I\u2019m on frame count 42. \u2026Did you get a locator from here, Jack?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYes. \u2026Okay. I got flight line [of Boulder 1] on the north-south trend (AS17-138-21030-35); Gene got east-west (AS17-137-20903-09).\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYou going to get that sample under there?\u201d Cernan inquired, referring to the east-west overhang regolith sample.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, we got to get the soil,\u201d I concurred.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThere may be an overhang. And look at that, that rock is fragmented (split); let\u2019s see, it\u2019s southeast-northwest. There\u2019s a split.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, that one right over there is okay,\u201d I said, pointing to another overhang. \u201cHey, did you want to get [a photo of] this?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, I\u2019ll get that.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThis fillet?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYou got it?\u201d Cernan asked as I reached under the overhang with the scoop.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThis is a fillet from underneath the rock,\u201d I reported to Parker.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cRoger. And an update on the rake samples when you get around to it. We\u2019d like to get one up on the massif slope as much as you can, if you can get over to it. And then the second one down near the Rover.\u201d This was good advice, but his timing relative to our other activities left something to be desired.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, Bob,\u201d I continued. \u201cThis fillet is [from] up underneath an overhang. I got it from about\u2026oh, a third of a meter under an overhang. And it\u2019s the upper 3 centimeters of soil\u2026 [Gene,] I got to get uphill from you a little bit [to put this in your sample bag]. \u2026That\u2019s good.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201c<\/strong>And it\u2019s bag 496 (72220-24)\u201d <\/strong>noted Cernan.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cNow let me get one out away from the overhang a little bit,\u201d I said, wanting to get an exposed sample for comparative analysis.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYou think that\u2019s permanent shadow?\u201d enquired Parker.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cNo,\u201d I answered. As the overhang faced east, some illumination and solar heating would reach the regolith for a few hours after every sunrise.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cNo,\u201d confirmed Cernan. \u201cIt\u2019s facing east.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cAnd [here is] a [control] sample down to a depth of about 5 centimeters,\u201d I continued, \u201cabout two-thirds of a meter from the boulder, on the south side, is in 497 (72240-44<\/strong>). \u2026Now, let me get a skim sample, Geno.\u201d The skim sample of the upper few millimeters of the surface would contain the most recent solar wind effects for comparison with samples taken more deeply.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, \u2026I got to take a set of [after] pictures after that, by the way. Show where they [the Boulder 1 sample locations] are.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI can piece them into my flight line stereo,\u201d I said, meaning that the previous flight line stereo would serve as the before photos.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. They were in both of the before pictures on those rocks,\u201d I added.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, [this is] about a centimeter-deep skim,\u201d I reported. \u201cCareful,\u201d I added, as I tried to dump the skim sample in a bag Cernan held.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYou\u2019re in a hole. You better come out,\u201d he suggested.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah. \u2026Boy, that\u2019s hard on the hand (controlling the scoop) even in one-sixth g.\u201d<\/p>\n

Looking around, Cernan said, \u201cAnd I didn\u2019t park that Rover in a very good spot for them to watch what\u2019s going on, I guess; but that was the heading.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOh, shoot. They\u2019re missing all of it.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWe didn\u2019t work in the right spot; that\u2019s all,\u201d he added as a joke.<\/p>\n

\u201cEvery now and then we get a peek at you guys,\u201d Parker said, \u201cbut only every now and then.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cSorry, Bob.\u201d Although sympathetic, I certainly did not want the TV camera operation to dictate where we sampled. Thermal control of the Rover batteries and the TV electronics required parking as we did. If I had picked a boulder that could be seen on TV, we would have missed what turned out to be a unique mix of impact breccias among all the boulders we sample at Taurus-Littrow.<\/p>\n

\u201cOh, wait a minute,\u201d Cernan remarked as his bag dispenser came loose.<\/p>\n

\u201cYou know, that\u2019s the way it happens,\u201d I sympathized.<\/p>\n

\u201c<\/strong>Okay. It\u2019s back on.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cSkim sample bag number, please,\u201d Parker requested.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, Bob,\u201d Cernan responded. \u201cI missed that. I didn\u2019t give it to you; but I think\u2026 Well the next bag I take out, you can check the num[ber]. \u2026Well, wait a minute, I\u2019ll do it for you.<\/p>\n

\u201c<\/strong>No. That\u2019s okay. I suspect it\u2019s 498 (72260-64)<\/strong>.\u201d Parker knew the bags came off in numerical order.<\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019m almost positive it was 498,\u201d Cernan agreed.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. We\u2019ll put that down.\u201d<\/p>\n

[No detailed post-mission analysis has been undertaken of the mineral and rock fragments in the regolith samples taken near Boulder 1 so it is not known if mercury or other volatile elements have been concentrated in the shadowed area. Regolith sample 72220-24<\/strong> may have been only partially shielded from direct sunlight, although such exposure only would have lasted during the first few degrees of the rising, glancing Sun. 72220-24<\/strong>, 72240-44<\/strong> and 72260-61<\/strong> have intermediate to intermediate-high Is\/FeO maturity indexes of 58, 59 and 64, respectively. The thorium and Rare Earth content of all three samples, the partially shaded sample, the reference sample 72240-44<\/strong> and skim sample 72260-61<\/strong>, suggest that they have been derived largely from the micro-meteor erosion of Boulder 1.]<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.36.<\/strong> A down-sun overhang view of boulder 1 as described in text. The four rock samples 72215<\/strong>, –35<\/strong>, –55<\/strong>, –75<\/strong> were taken from the left side of the boulder (Fig. 11.35\u2191<\/strong><\/span><\/a>). (Combination of NASA photos AS17-138-21036, -37).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, Bob, looking at the blocks directly down-Sun,\u201d I observed, \u201cthe gray-matrix breccias seem to be fragments, or schlieren (elongated groups of related fragments), anyway, within the white-matrix breccias. \u2026And I got a couple pictures down-Sun to show that texture.\u201d Although obviously discernible to my eye, the differences between the two types of breccias appear to be obscured in the photographs (AS17-138-21036-37) by the ubiquitous brownish patina present on all surfaces. My brain, obviously, was filtering out the effect of the patina. Special contrast and color balancing of digital images may make these structures more apparent<\/span>.[36<\/span><\/strong>]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. And one thing we\u2019d like to do would be to sample a variety of blocks, in terms of looking at differences in the blocks\u2026 from block to block.\u201d Parker, or whoever asked for this to be said, forgot that we planned to do just that.<\/p>\n

\u201cRog,\u201d I responded containing my annoyance. \u201cWe\u2019re going to do that. We\u2019re going after a lighter-colored block, now. \u2026Are you going up there, [Gene]?\u201d I asked to be sure.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah.\u201d He headed towards what would be called Boulder 2.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay; and if you\u2019re going up the Massif, why don\u2019t we try and get the rake sample up there now. When you finish these rocks.\u201d Parker, again, tried to insert too much control into our more spontaneous and on-the-spot approach to dealing with what we could see needed to be done.<\/p>\n

\u201cHey, Jack. \u2026Jack, don\u2019t come up here unless you bring the rake. It\u2019s a long trip. No sense coming up here twice. I can go get this sample. I\u2019d get the rake, if I were you. Don\u2019t walk back up twice.\u201d Now, I had Cernan wasting my time.<\/p>\n

\u201cWell, I don\u2019t\u2026,\u201d I said, thinking that I had already told Mission Control that near the Rover would be a good spot for a rake sample. \u201cI\u2019m not sure they\u2019re going to gain anything by coming up to the top [where you are]. \u2026Okay? You\u2019re not going to gain a thing, Bob,\u201d I said as I turned back toward the Rover. \u201cYou\u2019re still on the talus (eroded material at the base of a mountain)\u2026 You guys [aren\u2019t here.] Oh, well.\u201d I gave up wasting time arguing and began to think about other things. \u201cThe rims of the small craters in the talus are softer than the normal (surrounding) terrain,\u201d I said, going back to observing. \u201cMy foot goes in maybe 10 cm where normally it only goes in a centimeter.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. As long as it\u2019s above the break of the slope, Jack, we don\u2019t have to get very far up the slope.\u201d Parker and company finally got the point.<\/p>\n

\u201cThat\u2019s right!!\u201d I exclaimed, really put out with what seemed at the time to be unnecessary interference and waste of time going back to the Rover when I felt that I should have been examining the boulders. The Flight Director should have realized that the inputs to Parker were causing a loss of efficency as well as being repetitive.<\/p>\n

As I grabbed the rake from its clips on the gate of the Rover, Parker decided to add insult to injury with, \u201cAnd, Jack, since you\u2019re back at the Rover, how about giving us a Grav reading before you leave.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cBecause I\u2019m late sampling, that\u2019s why. But I\u2019ll do it anyway. \u2026Okay, 670, 155, 201; 670, 155, 201.\u201d This reading would have been provided before leaving Station 2. The Principle Investigator, Manik Tawani, probably was anxious to see how much change there was from the readings near the Challenger<\/em>, and, in retrospect, I can understand that.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. Copy that, Jack. Press on.\u201d I momentarily forgot to retrieve the scoop from where I had stuck it in the regolith at the back of the Rover and lost more time going back to get it. I am not a happy geologist at this point. It turns out, in my wish to get on with the boulder sampling, I was wrong about the rake sample. We ended up getting two important rake samples, one up the slope and one by the Rover, and they were very different (see below).<\/p>\n

Meanwhile, Cernan has reached Boulder 2. \u201cOkay, Bob, I\u2019m at another boulder up the slope here. It looks quite similar to the one we just sampled, except there is a lot of flake fractures on it. Non-uniform, non-directional, but quite different, at least from that other rock, in terms of its fracture pattern. The [internal] texture looks to be quite similar. Boy, I\u2019m glad I don\u2019t have to walk to the top of this thing (the South Massif).\u201d When I finally could look at Boulder 2 up close, I would find that Boulder 2 actually is very different from what was implied by Cernan\u2019s description.<\/p>\n

\u201cHey, look, Gene, on these rake samples, there is just no point in carrying a rake all the way up here\u2026because all we needed was a break in the slope.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cNegative, Jack, as long as you\u2019re above the break\u2026in slope; that\u2019s right.\u201d Parker tries to recover.<\/p>\n

\u201cWell, that\u2019s all right. It\u2019s being done; but let\u2019s watch those kind of calls please.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cThey can\u2019t appreciate the toughness of going up this slope, though. We can; we\u2019ve got to tell them that.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWell, we did [tell them].\u201d Instead of trying to patch things up between Parker and me, Cernan should have listened to me, earlier.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, that\u2019s what we were saying,\u201d Parker continued to beat this horse. \u201cDon\u2019t go above just at the base of the break in the slope, Jack. Don\u2019t climb all the way up there with it.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOh, relax!\u201d Frustrated, I let my temper show. Parker just did not know when to shut up. I had told them soon after I began to reconnoiter the area that we should get the rake sample near the Rover that we parked above the talus toe off the Massif. Someone had not listened or was not screening all the requests coming to the CAPCOM console. In retrospect, I should have not listened to their original request to take the rake up the slope. Take a geologist to the Moon and then ignore his judgment. On the other hand, the final location of the rake sample, \u00a0higher up the slope and away from the effects of any shedding off the boulders, removed all doubt as to its position on material currently working its way off the Massif.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, we\u2019re all set, Bob,\u201d Cernan claimed. \u201cNo problem\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

Climbing the slope toward Cernan, scoop in one hand and rake in the other, I first used some two-footed hops and then walked upward and across the increasingly steep slope. As I climbed, I continued to observe and plan. \u201cWe want to get away from that big rock [for the rake sample] because it\u2019s (the rock) probably [is] shedding. \u2026Hey, that\u2019s a different [type of] rock, Gene.\u201d As I drew closer, I saw evidence that the rock, Boulder 2, was much more obviously crystalline and uniform than Boulder 1 and did not have any of the overall foliated or layered aspect.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah. Well, it looks like the same texture, but it\u2019s got that flaky fracture pattern all over it. I\u2019m going to get a [flight line] stereo while I\u2019m at it.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah\u2026\u201d As Cernan takes his before stereo photos, I stick the scoop in the talus regolith and begin to examine Boulder 2. (Fig. 11.37<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.37.<\/strong> Boulder 2 at Station 2 showing its more uniform nature relative to Boulder 1. The black vertical oval denotes the rock sample 72315<\/strong> (see Fig. 11.38\u2193<\/strong><\/span><\/a>) and the horizontal oval is rock sample 72335<\/strong> (see Fig. 11.39\u2193<\/strong><\/span><\/a>). The deployed height of the gnomon is 62 cm.[37<\/span><\/strong>]<\/a><\/sup> (NASA Photo AS17-137-20914).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThis [set of photos] ought to cover any samples I take off of that thing. \u2026I\u2019m going to get myself a zap of cold water\u2026 Man, we\u2019ve got to be a million miles away from the LM.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, this is a crystalline rock, Houston,\u201d I begin as I lean close to Boulder 2. \u201cIt\u2019s got nice white halos around the zap pits. The [centers of the] zaps are not dense black glass, but a dark greenish\u2026[that is,] a very dark greenish-gray.\u201d The greenish color of the zap pit glass indicated iron-magnesium minerals in the rock.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cAre those halos or fragments?\u201d asked Cernan.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cNo, they\u2019re halos. Well, there are fragments, I think, also. But, right now, [I think] it\u2019s fairly crystalline, but it is heterogeneous. Matter of fact,\u201d I add with a laugh,\u201d there\u2019s a big fragment of a porphyry [looking rock] caught up in this thing, I think.\u201d I had noticed what appeared to be a fragment or clast with two distinct crystal sizes, but use of the term \u201cporphyry\u201d implied that it had an igneous origin\u2014 something not known at the time. By using the term \u201cporphyry, \u201cI was trying to describe a texture. The two crystal sizes also could have resulted from crushing or recrystallization of an earlier, more uniformly textured rock.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cDid you get a locator, by any chance?\u201d asked Cernan.<\/p>\n

\u201cI haven\u2019t done a thing.\u201d The rake sample disagreement had disrupted our whole routine, as I should have arrived at Boulder 2 at the same time he did.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. Well, I want to start taking some [samples],\u201d Cernan declared.<\/p>\n

\u201cGene, we got to get some of that.\u201d I pointed to what I had called a porphyry.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cThat\u2019s what I want. That\u2019s where I\u2019m going right now.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cAnd there\u2019s a chunk [sticking out] there we can get,\u201d I added. \u201cThat\u2019s a big fragment within this crystalline rock, [that is,] an inclusion.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cTake a picture of that (fragment) and then your locator, I\u2019ll get it (the sample).\u201d Cernan handled the hammer most of the time when we needed to break a sample off. His large hand gave him a better grip on the handle than I could manage.<\/p>\n

\u201cGo ahead [and sample]. I\u2019ve got it (the locator). Got it (the sample)?\u201d I asked.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, I\u2019ve got it.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.38.<\/strong> (top photo<\/em>): Outer surface and (bottom photo<\/em>): edge of rock sample 72315<\/strong> from Boulder 2, Station 2 (see Fig. 11.37\u2191<\/strong><\/span><\/a> for location on the boulder). In this color photo the patina on the outer surface is obvious\u2014 note micrometeorite pits with halos in the upper photo. Several dark clasts are visible in the lower photo. The scale is in cm. (NASA photos S73-16656, -660).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cBeautiful. Looks like a porphyry!\u201d The key to my repeated use of the term \u201cporphyry\u201d related to its texture of larger crystals in a finer grained matrix. I am sure the geologists in the Science Back Room assumed I might have found an igneous rock.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cBoy, it does look like a crystalline rock,\u201d Cernan said.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cLooks like an andesite porphyry is what it looks like.\u201d My use of \u201candesite\u201d along with the textural term \u201cporphyry, probably confused people even more, as \u201candesite\u201d is the name used for a type of terrestrial lava of an intermediate silica content between rhyolite and basalt. Again, as a field geologist, I am saying what the rock \u201clooks like\u201d, based on experience, and not what it would turn out actually to be when looked at more closely in the laboratory.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201c[It\u2019s] got some very large crystals in there. They\u2019re very reflective, elongated crystals,\u201d described Cernan.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s a relatively angular inclusion,\u201d I added in slightly slurred speech, probably due to being slightly out of breath from my climb. \u201cIt\u2019s about a half a meter in size, and it\u2019s a square cross section. Well, it\u2019s irregular; but generally square [in] cross section. It\u2019s in bag 516 (72315), <\/strong>and it looks like it\u2019s a high feldspar rock. It may be an anorthositic gabbro, but it does look like a porphyry.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThere\u2019s a big chunk (feldspar?) where I\u2019ve got [the sample]. \u2026I can\u2019t get it out, though; it\u2019s buried in the rock. \u2026Oh, a half-an-inch [long], elongated. \u2026I can\u2019t see whether they are colorless or not, but they are certainly reflective crystals. See that up here? See right there?\u201d Cernan asked me.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cAnd then in the big [surrounding] rock,\u201d continued Cernan, \u201cyou\u2019ve got massive things\u2014 like this big fragment here\u2014 that\u2019s 5 inches across.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWell, that may be a spall point (area), Gene; that\u2019s a lighter color, in general, because of a zap or something [removing the patina].\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cLet me get some more samples off it (the main boulder).\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, we need to get some of the host rock here.\u201d I tried to get Cernan\u2019s focus back on the essential samples from Boulder 2.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. We\u2019ll get a piece here.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, \u2026now, you\u2019re still sampling the one we just got.\u201d Cernan apparently had not understood that we had just sampled what appeared, at the time, to be an inclusion in Boulder 2. \u201cSo we\u2019ll get another one [of the same inclusion].\u201d I had to go with the flow as he had the hammer. \u201cOkay. The same kind [of rock as the last sample]\u201d Then I noticed that this sample also had the contact of the inclusion with the host. \u201cThe contact of that (inclusion with the host) rock looks like it might be finer grained, but it\u2019s about the same. \u2026[Sample is] in 517 (72335<\/strong>). That\u2019s the inclusion side of the contact. \u2026Keep going after the other one (the host), Gene, I\u2019ll get this in your bag.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.39.<\/strong> (upper photo<\/em>) The exterior and (lower photo<\/em>) interior surfaces of rock sample 72335<\/strong> (see <\/span>Fig. 11.37\u2191<\/strong><\/span><\/a> for location on Boulder 2). The micrometeorite pits with halos are evident in the exterior patina in the upper photo. (NASA photos S73-16247 and S73-23543).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cBob, you could probably see this rock if you look over this way. We\u2019re high enough.\u201d Cernan\u2019s concern for TV coverage always exceeded mine.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, we saw it, Geno,\u201d responded Parker. \u201cQuite a sight; quite a goodie.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. Let me see if I can\u2019t get this one here. There it is.\u201d Cernan finally had knocked off a piece of the Boulder 2 rock that hosted the apparent inclusion.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. The host rock for the inclusion,\u201d I began to describe the sample, \u201cwhich appears to be also crystalline but may be a re-crystallized rock of some kind, \u2026[possibly] metamorphic\u2026 [It] also looks like it\u2019s [has a] high plagioclase [content]\u2014 high feldspar, anyway. That\u2019s in bag 518 (72395<\/strong>). And that was a fairly loose but in-place fragment along a fracture zone.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWill you hold this a minute?\u201d Cernan asked, handing me the bag he held so that he could reach higher on the boulder. \u201cI\u2019m going to try to get the rest of it up there.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cAnd for your thinking in the next few minutes,\u201d interjected Parker, \u201cyou might also factor in the question the Backroom raises about taking 10 minutes out (of) Station 4 and adding it into this station, given the wealth of interest that seems to be occurring here. You might think about that. You haven\u2019t been to Station 4, so it\u2019s a little hard to judge. But if you think 10 minutes can be very profitably spent, you might as well do that.\u201d Little did we know what would greet us at Station 4 and how much we would want that 10 minutes back. I also was thinking, \u201cWhy can\u2019t he not interrupt so much?\u201d and then went on with my discussion of Boulder 2. \u201cThis is a medium-green anorthositic gabbro, and it looks like it has some pastel-green olivine crystals in it.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cI can\u2019t get any more of that,\u201d Cernan concluded.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cDid you get it (the higher sample)?\u201d I asked.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cI can\u2019t get any more of it, Jack, up there. I can\u2019t reach it.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, and that small chip of that [higher sample] is in 519 (72375).<\/strong> It\u2019s the same host rock, much like the previous sample,\u201d I concluded.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThere\u2019s a good sample for you. And another chunk of the host\u2026<\/span> Oops, be careful,\u201d I said to Cernan as he started to drop the sample.<\/p>\n

\u201cYep.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s still there [in your glove],\u201d I told him.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, I\u2019ve got it.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI need to get rid of this [sample bag],\u201d I declared, meaning I needed to put 519 in his SCB. \u201cIt\u2019s in there. I haven\u2019t closed your bag (SCB), yet, \u2026And we\u2019ve got to get one soil sample up the hill here\u2026\u201d Then, I remembered, \u201cOh, we\u2019re going to get [it with] the rake [sample]\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWe ought to get a soil sample, though, up here, so\u2026\u201d Cernan may have forgotten that we get a soil sample with each rake sample.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe\u2019ll get the rake sample right over here on this slope [and away from boulders].\u201d I asserted.<\/p>\n

Cernan still worked on getting another chip of Boulder 2. \u201cWhere did that thing go, Jack?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cRight here,\u201d I said, having watched the chip fly into the regolith near the boulder.<\/p>\n

Parker again: \u201cWas that last sample in 518, as well?\u201d He probably meant to say \u201c519\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u201cThere it (the chip) is. That\u2019s it right there.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cNo. We haven\u2019t put it in [a bag], yet,\u201d I told Parker.<\/p>\n

\u201cBob, that will go in 499 (72355),\u201d <\/strong>Cernan reported.<\/p>\n

\u201c<\/strong>Can you get it?\u201d I asked Cernan as he took hold of his tethered tongs. \u201cOkay\u2026\u201d Then I summarized for the Science Back Room. \u201cBob, this is a fairly uniform-looking rock. It does have some widely spaced fractures across it. It\u2019s clearly crystalline and has crystalline inclusions (clasts) in it.\u201d By \u201cclearly crystalline\u201d I meant that I could see the reflections from the fine crystals in the matrix.<\/span><\/p>\n

[Boulder 2 turned out to be very different from Boulder 1. It would be classified as an impact melt-breccia of relatively uniform texture and composition. The very finely crystalline and vesicular matrix had formed from a melt that had incorporated many different mineral and rock fragments. Post-mission examination indicated that 72315<\/strong><\/span> (Fig. 11.38\u2191<\/strong><\/span><\/a>) probably originally consisted of a coarsely crystalline anorthositic gabbro related to the Mg-suite of lunar rocks. The proportions of the mineral and rock clasts suggest that the protolith (original rock) consisted of a layered, coarse-grained anorthosite that also included units of gabbro (plagioclase and pyroxene) and troctolite (plagioclase and olivine). The protolith had been crushed as well as partially melted and mixed by impact so that some large crystal fragments stood out in a very fine matrix, giving the rock a porphyry-like appearance.<\/span><\/p>\n

The vesicular, very fine matrix of Boulder 2 consists of interlocking crystals of plagioclase, pyroxene, olivine and some pyroxene and ilmenite, the latter mineral containing laths of plagioclase and rounded grains of olivine. The matrix surrounds local vugs that are lined with course, euhedral plagioclase and brown pyroxene, indicating that the vugs were originally fluid-filled vesicles (bubbles) and that the rock remained hot enough for sufficient time for their wall minerals to grow into the fluid.<\/span><\/p>\n

The young ~0.27 \u00b1 0.05 Myr exposure age for 72315<\/strong><\/span>,[38<\/span><\/strong>]<\/a><\/sup> based on cosmic-ray tracks, exposure to solar flares, and micro-meteor impact crater counts, indicates that what I initially thought is an inclusion was the result of a large, relatively fresh spall that removed most of the normal patina and long-term exposure evidence from the rock surface. The spall left a visually, sharply contrasting line against the rest of the boulder. This relatively fresh, roughly rectangular spall area can be seen on the right in Cernan\u2019s down sun (zero phase) photograph of the southeast face of the boulder (AS-17-137-20924) and the contrast in density of micro-meteor halos is obvious in the \u201ccontact\u201d sample shown in the upper photo of Fig. 11.39\u2191<\/strong><\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.40.<\/strong> The black arrow points to the rectangular spall area on boulder 2. (NASA photo AS17-137-20924).<\/span><\/p>\n

As I expected at the time, post-mission examination of 72335<\/strong> showed it to be much the same as 72315<\/strong> described above, but without as diverse a fragment population. Its matrix also looks to have crystallized from an impact melt.<\/span><\/p>\n

Post-mission examination of 72395<\/strong> indicated a close similarity to the two previous samples from Boulder 2 except for the presence of many very small vesicles. These vesicles further support the interpretation that the matrix of the rock crystallized from an impact melt. As with the vesicles in lunar basalts, no evidence yet exists as to the nature of the vesicle filling fluid; however, this lack of evidence implies a non-reactive fluid, possibly hydrogen and\/or carbon monoxide.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.41.<\/strong> The location of rock sample 72395<\/strong> is marked by the white oval. (NASA photo AS17-137-20912 is the base photo).<\/span><\/p>\n

72395<\/strong>, the largest sample taken from Boulder 2 (Fig. 11.41<\/strong>), from a point well removed from the spall I initially had thought was an inclusion, has an exposure age of about 27 Myr, in contrast to and supporting the ~0.27 \u00b1 0.05 Myr old spall interpretation for 72315. The impact or seismic event on the slope of the South Massif that caused Boulder 2 to roll to the Station 2 site appears to have occurred significantly after that associated with Boulder 1. As with Boulder 1, Boulder 2 probably was dislodged from higher up the slope, well after the light mantle avalanche but too long ago for its track to have survived (See discussion in Chapter 12, Station 7). This experience with sampling a probable young spall area on Boulder 2, rather than a large clast, constitutes a reminder that continual micro- and macro-spalling of boulder surfaces produces minimum exposure ages rather than giving the actual length time of original rock exposure.]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cHere, Jack, \u2026might get the soil from around that thing (Boulder 2).\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cBob, both rocks look like they might be in the anorthositic class\u2026of rocks. It\u2019s just that [this] one has the appearance of being a finer grain matrix. Looks like a porphyry in the boulder.\u201d A later determination of the plagioclase content of both 72315<\/strong> and 72395<\/strong> at ~56% supported this field impression.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYour bag is still open part way, too.\u201d Cernan alerted me to a loose cover on my SCB.<\/p>\n

\u201cAnd a reminder,\u201d Parker said, \u201cas you photograph it (Boulder 2), to remember that the photograph in the southwest quadrant there will be the best ones. Around the corner on two sides there will be the best ones to show the structure through the whole rock.\u201d This \u201creminder\u201d got us into a classic illustration of someone who was not on the spot trying to second-guess those who are.<\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.42.<\/strong> Lunar Receiving Laboratory images of impact melt breccia sample 72395<\/strong> from Boulder 2, Station 2, as unpacked and dusted (top<\/em> = exterior surface; bottom<\/em> = interior face). Consistant with this sample\u2019s exposure age of ~27 Myr, and that of 72315<\/strong> of about ~0.27 \u00b1 0.05 Myr years, the visual density of light colored zap pits appear to qualitatively reflect the exposure age difference. Studies of these two samples might put limits on the age at which saturation by micro-meteor impacts occurs (steady state between formation and distruction plus obscuration by patina formation). (NASA photos S73-23979, -23983).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYes, sir,\u201d I responded and then had a second thought as the southwest portion of the boulder was in shade and up the slope. \u201cOh, the southwest [you say]?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cSouth and west?\u201d Cernan suggested as clarification.<\/p>\n

\u201cRoger.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cSouth and west. Yeah,\u201d I started to agree.<\/p>\n

\u201cRoger.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cNo, the west\u2019s in shade,\u201d I countered.<\/p>\n

\u201cNo, no. You mean the\u2026south and east, [don\u2019t you?]\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cSouthwest,\u201d insisted Parker. \u201cRoger. The southwest face, \u2026or it faces not quite south.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay.\u201d Cernan rightly decided to ignore the whole discussion and take pictures all around the illuminated portion of Boulder 2. \u201cI\u2019ve got a stereo [of where we sampled]. I\u2019ll just continue my stereo around here\u2026 Hey, Jack, you can get way under there, and I know you could get soil.\u201d He had noted an east-west, north-facing overhang. \u201cI don\u2019t know how long it\u2019s been shadowed, but it\u2019s been shadowed as long as this rock\u2019s been here.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. I\u2019ll do that,\u201d I replied.<\/p>\n

\u201cWay out under there. I\u2019ve got to stereo this one. I\u2019ve already got it.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWell, I\u2019m getting it from this way,\u201d I stated, \u201cand they like that. Did we kick any dirt in under there?\u201d Regolith exposed to the sun would contaminate the shadowed sample.<\/p>\n

\u201cNo, I don\u2019t think so\u201d Cernan said. \u201cGo way down in there [for the sample]. Let me get a couple of after pictures. Yeah, we want to get two sides of these rocks, and you can see their structure\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019ve got that [after picture], Gene. \u2026I took those. I took that stereo.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, and if I could remind you guys to get a pan,\u201d Parker interjected, \u201cfrom up there before you leave the high uphill area there. There\u2019s no point in climbing up there twice. Remember?\u201d he added, sarcastically.<\/p>\n

Ignoring Parker, Cernan asked, \u201cDid you get under there [for that shadowed sample]?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI think so.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYes, sir, Bob,\u201d Cernan agreed on the panorama. \u201cHow much time we got here now?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cStand by\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, [Gene]. You got your [sample] bag?\u201d<\/p>\n

Parker broke in with, \u201cWe got 12 or 13 minutes left at this station; unless you take that extra 10 minutes that we were offering you.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cLet\u2019s take it, Bob,\u201d said the Commander.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe got to get the rake [sample],\u201d I reminded everyone.<\/p>\n

\u201cLet\u2019s take it (the extra time),\u201d Cernan repeated, \u201cwe\u2019ll need it.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. Let me try again (to get the sample under the overhang),\u201d I said. \u201c\u2026I don\u2019t know whether I can or not.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cDo you know how far under you\u2019re getting, by any chance?\u201d Cernan asked.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah\u2026 I got under an east-west [north-facing] overhang about 20 centimeters. \u2026Way back\u2026quite a ways back; it goes even farther, but that\u2019s about as far as I can reach back and [still get a scoop] sample. \u2026That\u2019s in bag 500 (72320-24<\/strong>).\u201d I am surprised I did not immediately obtain a control sample of nearby, illuminated regolith. No harm done, as the rake sample 1 kg of regolith could serve as a control.<\/span><\/p>\n

[Post-mission analysis of the thermo-luminescence spectrum of 72320<\/strong> suggested that the sample had been only partially shaded under Boulder 2; however, as I said during sampling, this was a north-facing, east-west shadowed location. If the 27 Myr exposure age of Boulder 2 is correct, 72320<\/strong> was in permanent shadow for that period of time. A portion of this sample has been kept frozen for future analysis, but will be provided for study in the near future (2019).<\/span><\/p>\n

The agglutinate concentration of 72320<\/strong> is 45.3%, similar to other soils at Station 2, and it has an intermediate-high Is\/FeO maturity index of 73.]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201c<\/strong>And, 17,\u201d Parker called, \u201cif you want to take a minute, you might look up in the sky and notice that our [TV] camera is taking a beautiful picture of Mother Earth.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cIsn\u2019t that pretty over [the Massif]? \u2026Can you see the Massif, too?\u201d asked Cernan.<\/p>\n

\u201cNow we\u2019re coming down to look at the Massif,\u201d replied Parker. \u201cHad a beautiful picture of the Pacific there. Ed (Fendell) finally found it (the Earth). Now we see the Massif.\u201d<\/p>\n

After stowing bag 500 in Cernan\u2019s SCB, I told him, \u201cOkay,\u201d so he knew he could move, again.<\/p>\n

\u201cAnd, Bob, I took an after picture of where Jack just got that soil sample under the rock from; and I\u2019m on [frame] 60.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cAre you through with the gnomon?\u201d I asked Cernan.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019ll set it (the gnomon) up for the rake [sample].\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019ll go up there and get a pan, Jack.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. You get that pan\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI didn\u2019t get that soil bag number, Jack,\u201d Parker said to me when he should have asked Ray Zedekar at the EVA console behind him.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe\u2019ve been here. \u2026500,\u201d I answered, anyway. \u2026We\u2019re on a pretty good slope, Geno.\u201d I was trying position myself for the rake sample.<\/p>\n

\u201cYou betcha. And do I know it.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cHey, \u2026Bob, how long have we been at this station?\u201d I asked as I stuck the scoop in the regolith and took up the rake.<\/p>\n

\u201cYou\u2019ve been here about forty minutes right now. Can you believe it?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cIs that right?\u201d I said in disbelief that it had been that long.<\/p>\n

\u201cAnd we\u2019re going to give you that extra 10 minutes out of Station 4,\u201d Parker added. \u201cThat leaves you about 20 minutes; then you\u2019ll have to be moving.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cBoy, this pan (AS17-137-20926-56) may be looking right smack in the sides of the Massifs. Only way you can get it is to lean back, and I can\u2019t lean downhill.\u201d (See Fig. 11.27\u2191<\/strong><\/span><\/a>, Fig. 11.28\u2191<\/strong><\/span><\/a> for part of Cernan\u2019s pan).<\/p>\n

While Cernan struggled to get his color panorama, I took several down sun photographs of the rake site before taking the sample (AS17-138-21043-46). These before photographs indicate that the surface of the slope regolith does not have the pronounced raindrop pattern we had noted on the valley floor. Although lighting in the photographs may be a factor, slow movement of material down-slope may be at a rate sufficient to eliminate the small micro-meteor and micro-seconary ejecta craters that produce this pattern.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.43.<\/strong> The rake area a few meters from Boulder 2 at upper left. The sample scoop and gnomon are at right. The partial bootprint at lower right shows just how soft the regolith is in this location as noted earlier in text. The \u201craindrop\u201d effect is practically non-existant compared with the valley floor near the SEP site (Fig. 11.5\u2191<\/strong><\/span><\/a>). (NASA photo AS17-138-21046).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cHey. Watch out for that crater behind you there, Geno,\u201d advised Parker, watching on TV.<\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019m standing in the crater so I can get level,\u201d he replied, showing human innovation at its best. He is standing about 10 meters up the slope from Boulder 2.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, we see that.\u201d No boulder tracks to either Boulder 1 or 2 are visible in these photographs, indicating that impacts have destroyed such tracks within the minimum exposure age of 27 million years for Boulder 2.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWell, I have some good pictures of Nansen, anyway, and, \u2026you know, I look out there, I\u2019m not sure I really believe it all.\u201d<\/p>\n

I absorbed the scenery without comment, feeling under constant time pressure to explore new things as much as possible. \u201cBob, my down-Sun pictures on the rake were taken at f\/8. I\u2019m sorry.\u201d They should have been at f\/11 so they will be somewhat overexposed.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, copy that. We\u2019ll take it into account.<\/p>\n

This [raking] isn\u2019t an easy [task]. \u2026Okay, I got to get out of my shadow or I can\u2019t see what I\u2019m doing\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019ll be right down there to bag that rake [sample] for you,\u201d Cernan alerted me as he finished the panorama and took photos of the Earth over the South Massif (AS17-137-20957-9). Unfortunately, for his main panorama, Cernan did not reset his camera from 15 to 74 feet, leaving the far field in the photographs badly out of focus. He had reset the focus for the Earth pictures. (AS17-137-20960 and -20961 are particularly good. Fig. 11.44<\/strong>.)<\/p>\n

\u201cI got to get it (the rake sample) first,\u201d I warned, conscious of the difficulties of working the rake on this steep slope. I selected a rake sample site about five meters away from any large boulders, and with no significant boulders<\/span> upslope.<\/span> I had to rake uphill, toward the Massif, with the rake at my left side so that my shadow fell to the west. I pulled the rake uphill as far as I could than then hopped up a foot or so to pull it farther. I then would step downhill into the just raked area and start another swath. I went through this procedure several times, shaking the fine material out of the rake basket, frequently. The sampling sequence finished with just dragging the rake up hill for a couple of meters.<\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.44.<\/strong> The Earth over the South Massif and Boulder 2 at Station 2 in the valley of Taurus-Littrow. Although the background looks level, it is actually the very steep Massif slope of about 26\u00b0. For comparison, the Earth\u2019s elevation is ca. 44\u00b0. Asia and the western Pacific Ocean are in view in this image of a waning Earth. In contrast, at this point in its monthly orbit, a waxing Moon also would have been at half phase as seen from Earth. (NASA Photo AS17-137-20960).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cMan, I tell you,\u201d Cernan said with a laugh as he came to join me at the rake sampling location. \u201cCan you come downhill in a hurry. Going uphill is a nice job. \u2026Bob, I\u2019d say we can meet our walkback constraints, if anyone\u2019s interested.\u201d He felt that he could move at the assumed walk-back speed; however, he had not done nearly as much walking\/skiing as had I. With that experience, I already felt that the walk-back constraints were too conservative, particularly if we used the cross-country (Nordic) skiing motions described previously.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. I expect it\u2019s all downhill from here,\u201d joked Parker.<\/p>\n

\u201cWell, no, sir,\u201d corrected Cernan. \u201cNot exactly [downhill]. \u2026That\u2019s why I said we could meet our walk-back constraints.\u201d<\/p>\n

[The walk-back constraint, in the highly unlikely case of a complete Rover failure, assumed that we would have the oxygen and cooling water necessary to sustain 2.7 km\/hr at an average metabolic rate of 1290 BTU\/hr for over an hour of walking with a 20% margin of safety. This presumably would get us back to the Challenger<\/em> with enough consumables to close out the EVA. Had the walk back been less than an hour, the assumed numbers would have been 3.6 km\/hr and 1560 BTU\/hr. I am certain that Cernan and I also would have carried the samples in our SCBs with us, as well as the SEP recording tape and the tongs, hammer and scoop for use on a revised EVA-3. In retrospect, Cernan could have carried the rake to give him the extra stability that the scoop gave me (ski pole principle).]<\/p>\n

\u201cCan you guys see the LM, or are you too far down to see the LM?\u201d Parker asked.<\/p>\n

\u201cOh, no. The LM is over about three rises in the Scarp before we can even see it.\u201d Cernan\u2019s estimate probably was about right if you included the trough we were in.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, I thought that might have happened.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019m not even at a level of the last hill (north rim of the trough) we came over. \u2026I don\u2019t know if you\u2019ve looked up that way (with the TV).\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cRoger. We had a feeling for that. I was just checking.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWe can meet them (walk-back constraints), but I wouldn\u2019t stretch them.\u201d In actual fact, this was a judgment call that neither of us would want to test.<\/p>\n

\u201cGene, you got a bag?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYes, sir. Right here. How you doing?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cMy hands are getting tired.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah. Bag 501 (72535-39, 45-49, 55-59),\u201d <\/strong>Cernan reported as I took a last swath. \u201cNo, there aren\u2019t a lot [of rocks]; but that\u2019ll fill up a bag.<\/span><\/p>\n

[Post-mission examination of the bag containing 72535-39<\/strong>, 45-49<\/strong>, 55-59<\/strong> disclosed it contained fifteen fragments of impact breccias: a mixture of nine blue-gray breccias (similar to Boulder 1), five green-gray breccias (similar to Boulder 2), and one light-gray breccia (extremely fine-grained impact melt). As I had selected a rake sample site carefully, this distribution of breccias probably represents the relative quantities of the various rock sources above us that feed the slope of the South Massif.<\/span><\/p>\n

72535<\/strong>\u2019s exposure age of 107 \u00b1 4 million years lies at the upper end of the range of other exposure ages that limit the timing of the light mantle avalanche. Crater count data from the surface of the light mantle suggest a younger, more likely age of about 75 Myr (see Chapter 13). Also, continuous micro-meteor erosion, however, would bias 72535<\/strong>\u2019s exposure age downward, so its actual exposure age would be greater than 107 Myr, including any pre-avalanche exposure.]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201c[Is] this [a] kilogram-of-sample site, too?\u201d I asked Parker.<\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019ll have to look [at the checklist],\u201d Cernan answered first. \u201cI think so. I think they all are, aren\u2019t they?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cPractically,\u201d I agreed.<\/p>\n

Finally, Parker answers. \u201cAnd this is one that we would like to get the kilogram of soil from Jack.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. I\u2019ll use my scoop for that.\u201d The scoop weighed less than the rake.<\/p>\n

\u201cBag 501,\u201d Cernan repeated<\/p>\n

\u201c<\/strong>Okay, what do we have left [to do] here?\u201d I asked myself as much as anyone.<\/p>\n

Looking at his Cuff Checklist, again, Cernan noted, \u201cWe want to get a [pan]. \u2026I got the high pan.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI don\u2019t know how we used up all the time, but we did,\u201d I mused.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, [on] my pan, by the way,\u201d Cernan reported, again, \u201cI got extensive vertical (downward) coverage down into Nansen, Bob.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWell, the soil\u2019s getting into my [scoop hinge],\u201d I observed, trying to adjust the angle of the scoop on the extension handle.<\/p>\n

\u201cI don\u2019t know where the hour went that it took to drive here.\u201d Cernan joined me in my musing.<\/p>\n

\u201cMaybe time\u2019s different in space. \u2018Adventures in space and time.\u2019 \u201d I am not sure why this quote came to mind unless it had seeped out of the classic 1960s BBC series \u201cDoctor Who<\/em>\u201d that I have no recollection of ever watching.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe changed 2 hours and 40 minutes. I don\u2019t know whether that makes us older or not.\u201d Cernan refers here to the launch delay that resulted in our mission clocks to be set ahead by about that amount.<\/p>\n

\u201cOoops\u2026\u201d I utter as I lost part of the soil sample out of the scoop. \u201cAwrrrrrr\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cTry again. I got half of it. [Actually] I got three-quarters of it. [bag] 502 (72500-05), <\/strong>Bob, will be the kilogram.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201c<\/strong>And that\u2019s a sample down to about 5\u2026about 4 centimeters,\u201d I added.<\/span> \u201cDon\u2019t get [the bag] too close to your camera, [Gene]. \u2026[Now you\u2019re] okay.\u201d<\/p>\n

[Post-mission examination of 72501<\/strong> indicates that the 90-150 \u00b5m fraction contains about 35% agglutinates and has a low-intermediate Is\/FeO maturity index of 35. This relatively low maturity, as compared to maturity indexes more than twice as high for regolith forming on the surface of the light mantle (see below), may be the result of continuous impacts upslope that add low maturity material to the sample site. 72501<\/strong> also consists of 2% non-impact glass (volcanic ash) and about 3.3% basalt fragments. The presence of this glass and basalt in the Station 2 regolith gives a rough indication of the rate of impact redistribution of regolith within the valley. Volcanic glass and basalt, of course, are major components of the dark mantle. The nearest significant impacts into dark mantle since the light mantle avalanche occurred lie about 2.5 km to the east. About 5% of the Station 2 post-avalanche regolith, therefore, has been derived from sources at least 2.5 km distant in 75-107 Myr since the youngest avalanche took place (see Chapter 13).<\/span><\/p>\n

Comparison of sample 72501<\/strong> with North Massif sample 76501<\/strong>, suggests that mineral fragment-rich, lithic-clastic eruptions of fine debris from within the crustal mega-regolith preceded each regional eruption of mare basalt (Chapter 13). Old North Massif regolith is rich in mineral fragments, whereas post-avalanche South Massif younger regolith is rich in impact breccia fragments.[39<\/span><\/strong>]<\/a><\/sup>]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOh, that\u2019s a \u2018big bag full\u2019. Want to put it in mine?\u201d Cernan said, quoting a nursery rhyme and thinking that my SCB might be getting heavy.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s all right. I can\u2019t feel it (the weight). You might as well [keep using it].\u201d In one-sixth gravity, the bags never became heavier that about 5 or 6 moon-pounds and, in addition, were supported by suit pressure.<\/p>\n

\u201cHow\u2019s your cooling?\u201d Cernan asked. \u201cOkay?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cCooling\u2019s fine. My hands are tired.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWell, that\u2019s natural.\u201d Cernan showed little sympathy.<\/p>\n

Parker came on line, again. \u201cAnd guys, do you see any more different blocks up there that are worth sampling before you go on down on to the flats [near the Rover] and sample the light mantle?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWe haven\u2019t had a chance to look around any more than you\u2019ve heard,\u201d I replied. \u201cYou want a rake in the light mantle here (near Station 2)?\u201d I asked this question, knowing full well that I wanted such a sample to compare with the one we just obtained on the post-avalanche slope of the South Massif.<\/span><\/p>\n

[The comparison of rake samples would give an indication of whether the avalanche was fluidized to the point that fragments had been sorted according to size prior to final settling. In a gravity field, larger fragments settle in fluidized media faster than finer ones due to their smaller surface area to mass ratios. I expected that we would find fewer fragments on the surface of the light mantle in a rake sample comparable to 72500<\/strong>. Also, I expected that larger and larger, and therefore deeper, impact craters in the light mantle would excavate larger and larger boulders. In addition to the boulder concentrations on the rims of craters I had already observed during the drive to Station 2, the two rake samples would test these two related hypotheses.]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWe want a rake [sample] in the light mantle,\u201d answered Parker. \u201cYou might as well get that down by the Rover later on.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cGet an after [photo],\u201d I said urgently as Cernan began to move away from the rake sample site. \u201cGet an after, Gene. (Calling after him) Gene, get an after.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cGot it, got it, got it, got it.\u201d<\/p>\n

Parker again began to try to do our thinking for us. \u201cThen you might look around\u2026for a couple of documented samples there, up on the slope of the Massif, before you move down the flatter, light mantle areas by the Rover. Just do the other sampling.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWe will,\u201d I acknowledged, again exasperated with this lack of confidence in us doing the job we were here to do.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, Bob. Jack got the befores on the rake and I got the after [photos].\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, Bob, here are two rocks side-by-side, a meter or two in diameter. And one is the anorthositic gabbro [like Boulder 2], if I can use the term; and the other is that two-cycle breccia [like Boulder 1].\u201d I also might have said that these were green-gray and blue-gray breccias, respectively.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cMan, that\u2019s the way to come downhill.\u201d Cernan had started to move toward the Rover.<\/p>\n

\u201cJust don\u2019t stub your toe,\u201d I said, visualizing one of us doing cartwheels down the slope.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, that\u2019s the way to come downhill,\u201d he repeated.<\/p>\n

\u201cHey, Gene.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cSet up right there (Boulder 3). Let\u2019s get that\u2026let\u2019s get that big clast.\u201d As I had begun to move toward the Rover, my eye caught sight of a large, light greenish fragment in a boulder of blue-gray breccia, causing me to skid to a stop and move a few meters back up the slope.<\/p>\n

\u201cThere\u2019s a fracture right in there [where] I want to get the [sample]\u2026 Oh, the clast!\u201d Cernan suddenly saw what had brought me to a skidding stop.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYes, sir. Good eye, good eye,\u201d enthused Cernan.<\/p>\n

\u201cBig white clast in the two-cy[cle]\u2026[that is] in the [blue]-gray matrix breccia,\u201d I reported to Parker as I stuck the scoop in the ground to take a down-Sun before photographs of the Boulder (AS17-138-21047-49).<\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.45.<\/strong> The blue-gray Boulder 3 with the large white clast at left that I discovered on the way back to the LRV (see Fig. 11.26\u2191<\/strong><\/span><\/a>). This image illustrates how my eye-brain combination instantaneously looked through the brown patina on the rock to note that the clast is greenish white beneath that patina. See also next photo below.\u00a0(NASA photo AS17-137-20963).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cGood eye! Man,” Cernan repeated. \u201cThat\u2019s a prize. Let me get this [gnomon] over here so I can [get the stereo befores]” (AS17-137-20963-64).<\/p>\n

\u201cI think you can even get it [with the hammer].\u201d I meant that the surface of the clast showed enough undulations that Cernan could chip pieces off.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.46.<\/strong> A close-up of Boulder 3 showing the chipped white clast (sample chips 72415-18<\/strong>). Some much smaller chip fragments lie on the soil next to the tongs that Cernan used to keep the focal distance constant. The area of the host rock that was also sampled (72435<\/strong>) is seen as the darker gray area at the left edge of the boulder not far from the clast sampling area. (NASA photo AS17-137-20968).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cI can get both sides [of the clast]. I want to get this big [piece] \u2026Yeah, I think I can get that. I\u2019m going to try.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOh. I can\u2019t believe the trouble I have with f-stops. Okay.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cNow, I want to try to take this piece off first.\u201d Cernan begins to hammer, still not quite hitting the easiest places to chip.<\/p>\n

\u201cPretty hard, isn\u2019t it,\u201d I sympathized with his initial lack of success.<\/p>\n

\u201cThat boulder\u2019s going to roll. Man, that is hard. There\u2019s the same clast over there. \u00a0\u2026That clast is soft!\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cCan you use your blade end?\u201d I suggested, aching to do it myself.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah. Yeah, let me get that little piece, anyway, to start with.\u201d With this swing, a small chip came off.<\/p>\n

\u201cGot it,\u201d I said as I picked up the first chip with the scoop.<\/p>\n

\u201cThere\u2019s two more pieces.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay.\u201d I watched closely to keep track of where the chips flew, accelerated by the impact of the hammer blade.<\/p>\n

\u201cBefore we cover them up, let\u2019s get them. I got to get a sample of that mother [host] rock.\u201d Cernan is remembering his training. \u2026\u201cOkay, there you go. The other one\u2019s right there\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay.\u201d I again used the scoop to skim the two new fragments of the clast off the surface where they had flown.<\/p>\n

\u201cNow, Let me see if I can\u2019t get a sample [of the host]\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWant to try to hit that (clast) one more time,\u201d I asked. \u201cI think we\u2019ve got another one coming there.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cThere\u2019s another little one\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

After scooping up the final chip, I looked more closely at the now fresh face of the clast. \u201cThat looks almost like a rhyolite from here. I don\u2019t believe it, though.\u201d Again, I was describing what the rock looked like, not what I thought it actually was. Volcanic rocks called \u201crhyolite\u201d often have a distinctive color and texture. They are light-colored and may have two distinct crystal sizes, that is, some larger crystals in a fine-grained matrix (porphrytic texture). When examined back on Earth, this \u201crhyolitic texture\u201d is caused by selective crushing that left some grains distinctly larger than most of the others.<\/span><\/p>\n

Cernan has been beating on a projection of the main boulder. \u201cNo, that\u2019s not going to come off.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI think that\u2019s it. Got a bag?\u201d I asked. Cernan handed me a bag, and I handed him the scoop containing the chips.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, this is a fine-grained, but crystalline, white clast in the [blue-]gray breccia;<\/span> and it\u2019s mixed with soil. We had to pick up a little soil. [Bag] 503 (72415-18<\/strong>).\u201d (Fig. 11.46\u2191<\/strong><\/span><\/a>)<\/p>\n

\u201c<\/strong>I guess they\u2019re all there, aren\u2019t they?\u201d Cernan asks as he pours the chips into the bag I have opened as wide as possible.<\/p>\n

\u201cI think they are,\u201d I replied. \u201cThere are three clasts, anyway. \u2026[I mean] three fragments that we got off [the clast]. Chips.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cLet me get a piece of the rock it\u2019s in,\u201d continued Cernan. \u201cAnd I\u2019m going to take a close-up stereo of that [clast].\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. Don\u2019t get it (the host) [too close to the clast]. Okay.\u201d<\/p>\n

This time, Cernan hammers on a projecting knob of the Boulder 3 host and a nice sample comes off with his third hit. As the fragment flies slowly left, he grabs at it, misses, but deflects it into my left wrist and from there onto the ground. (Fig. 11.46\u2191<\/strong><\/span><\/a>)<\/p>\n

\u201cSee it?\u201d he asks me.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah\u2026 See it? You hit me with it!\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWell, I tried to catch it. \u2026Bob, you still there?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cRoger. Still there. Listening with great delight.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cLook at the size of the piece that came off there, though, Jack.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI got another piece of it up here,\u201d I noted.<\/p>\n

\u201cAnd I\u2019d roll that downhill\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, the host rock for that inclusion of white material will be in bag\u2026what is it (the bag number)?\u201d I inquired.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201c504 (72435)<\/strong>.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201c[Bag] 504. Two chips with soil\u2026\u201d This time, Cernan holds the bag and I pour. The regolith with this sample has the number 72430-34.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cgetting heavy?\u201d Cernan still shows concern about the weight of my SCB.<\/p>\n

\u201cWhat? The bag?\u201d The suit supports this weight so it would only affect my overall workload rather than being something I would notice, directly.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cNo. Just the scoop [feels heavy]. \u2026I wore my hand out holding that camera together coming out here.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cJust make sure they\u2019re (SCBs) closed so they don\u2019t [lose samples]. \u2026We\u2019re getting some samples this time,\u201d Cernan declares, possibly remembering how few we obtained overall on the EVA-1. \u201cI want to get an after [photo], and I want to get a close-up stereo of that [clast]. And I\u2019m going to get some pictures around this block, too. \u2026There\u2019s an after and now I\u2019m going to get sort of a close-up stereo around it (AS17-137-20965-73). That ought to do it.\u201d The best of these after photographs (AS17-137-20968) shows the clear distinction between the light colored clast and the blue-gray matrix as well as the sharp difference between a freshly broken rock surface and the brown patina of impact glass on an exposed surface (Fig. 11.46\u2191<\/strong><\/span><\/a>) Enlagements of this image not only show the \u201crhyolitic\u201d texture of the clast but also the vesicles present in the freshly exposed blue-gray breccia.<\/p>\n

[See Fig. 11.46\u2191<\/strong><\/span><\/a>. (72415<\/strong>) of Boulder 3 at Station 2 was found to be a light colored crushed dunite clast in blue-gray impact melt host (72435<\/strong>). The fresh surfaces where samples were obtained stands in sharp contrast to the original surface that is covered by a light brown patina produced by space weathering effects (Chapter 13). Enlagement of the fresh, blue gray surface to the right of the dunite clast, shows a number of small vesicles indicating an immiscible fluid was present in the impact melt that enclosed the clast (Chapter 13). Isotopic and textural evidence<\/span>[40<\/span><\/strong>]<\/a><\/sup> indicate the dunite clast, and a troctolite sample from Station 6 (76535<\/strong>) were both part of magma ocean cumulates that once resided near the base of the lunar mantle, probably as much as 400-500 km below the surface (Chapter 13).]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cHey, Bob, while he\u2019s [Gene] doing that, there\u2019s a real good example of a pit-bottom crater up here even on this talus slope.<\/span> I\u2019ll try to take a stereo of it.\u201d I took three shots, hopping downhill a little between each.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, Jack, that sounds great,\u201d acknowledges Parker. \u201cI guess there\u2019s always a problem of getting the in-place glass, if you think that\u2019s appropriate at this point. Word along those lines, though, is we\u2019d like to have you in the Rover moving in 11 minutes; so it\u2019s probably not appropriate at this time on that.\u201d<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.47.<\/strong> My 3-photo pan of the pit crater just east of Boulder 3 (see Fig. 11.26\u2191<\/strong><\/span><\/a>). Note the slope! (NASA photos AS17-138-21050-52).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, there isn\u2019t any glass in [the bottom of] this crater. You can see it with your TV. \u2026It\u2019s just bigger than the average crater. And it still has that pit, the pit being about a third of the inner diameter of the crater. \u2026Make it a fourth of the rim diameter, that\u2019s easier.\u201d This crater was several meters across with the pit being about one meter wide (Fig. 11.47<\/strong>).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cJack?\u201d called Cernan, as I headed back to Boulder 3.<\/p>\n

\u201cCan I look at that [boulder again,] closely?\u201d I wanted to get a closer look at the white clast in Boulder 3.<\/p>\n

\u201cLook at what?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cHold the rake a second,\u201d I requested, now using the scoop and my hand on the boulder to get my helmet visor as close as possible.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe got to be moving in how many minutes, Bob?\u201d asked Cernan, having missed Parker\u2019s statement to me.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe\u2019d like to have you moving in one-zero (10) minutes, which means: allow the usual 3 or 4 or 5 minutes for close-out before that time.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, we\u2019ll get hustling.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, Bob,\u201d I began, \u201cthat white-colored inclusion we sampled looks like a strange\u2026\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cLook out, Jack,\u201d interrupted Cernan. He stood just uphill from Boulder 3, and after a couple of kicks, got it to roll over twice. I tried to help it roll farther, to little effect as it hit a rise in the slope.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s the old boulder-rolling trick,\u201d Parker jokes, recalling similar activity on some of our training trips.<\/p>\n

\u201cHow about getting a soil sample under there?\u201d This is a good call by Cernan as an exposure age on the boulder can be compared with such an age on the sheltered regolith beneath it.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cDon\u2019t hit the Rover,\u201d Parker advised, in good humor.<\/p>\n

\u201cGet that sample under there, Jack, \u2026under that rock.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. Got a bag?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cGot a bag.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cThe soil from right underneath the rock\u2014 down to about 4 centimeters [depth]\u2014 in 505 (72440-44).<\/strong>\u201d Cernan stayed above me, causing me to reach higher than usual to dump the scoop into a bag\u2026 \u201cAnd I\u2019ll try to skim it here a little, too, \u2026[and] get the upper centimeter.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cBob, this big white clast,\u201d Cernan states, \u201cI\u2019m not sure there aren\u2019t some smaller ones in some of those other big boulders. That\u2019s just an intuitive guess.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOh, there are [more clasts],\u201d I confirmed.<\/p>\n

\u201cBut we never saw any as obviously big and gross as this one,\u201d added Cernan. \u201cFact is, [in] this particular boulder I photographed, I had three of them (clasts) other than the one we sampled. \u2026And that\u2019s 505 and 506 (72460-64), <\/strong>in that order\u2026on the soil [samples].\u201d<\/p>\n

[No effort yet has been made to measure and compare the exposure ages of Boulder 3 (72435<\/strong>) and the regolith beneath it, that is, 72440<\/strong> and 72460<\/strong>. The intermediate-high Is\/FeO maturity indexes of the two soil samples are about the same, 68 and 71, respectively, with corresponding agglutinate concentrations of 41.7 and 43%, again showing a close correlation between these two maturity variables. Analyses show no anomalous volatile element concentrations in these soils. The relatively high maturity versus that of the rake sample regolith (low to intermediate maturity index of 35 with agglutinate of 35%) documents the younging effect of down-slope movement of newly exposed material. It also indicates that the soil under Boulder 3 has not been exposed to the addition of such less mature material since it rolled into place. The high maturity of the soil under Boulder 3, however, indicates a long period of maturation after the light mantle avalanche took place and before Boulder 3 rolled into place. This observation is somewhat surprising due to its location being on the slope where younging would have been expected. It may be that such younging is very slope angle sensitive, with the slope at Boulder 3 being less than at the rake sample location about 20 m farther up the side of the massif.]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cAnd by now, probably the best thing for you guys,\u201d Parker said, \u201cto do is to go back to the Rover and pick up the rake sample. \u2026Go ahead, Jack.\u201d Parker apparently realized I had been interrupted.<\/p>\n

After Cernan put the two samples in my SCB, he turned to retrieve the gnomon, and I said, \u201cI\u2019ll get it (the rake).\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay.\u201d<\/p>\n

[Continuing to speak about the clast in Boulder 3, I headed for the Rover using my low energy skiing motion while Cernan moved more rapidly downhill with his preferred hopping gait. As I arrived at the back of the Rover, I held the scoop in my left hand with the handle forward. This was misoriented relative to putting the scoop on the gate with the scoop end up, so I just tossed it up, rotating it clockwise like a baton, caught it, and inserted it in its clips on the gate. You take advantage of any opportunity not to move the suit very much and, as things fall slowly in one-sixth gravity, tossing objects up to change their orientation or to change hands makes a lot of sense.]<\/p>\n

\u201cThat white clast,\u201d getting back to what I started to talk about before rock rolling intervened, \u201cI looked at it [closely], and it has light, pastel-green, fairly-rounded crystals in a fine-grained white to light pinkish-tan matrix. And you can figure that one out. Looks like olivine [grains] in something.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cRoger on that. Sounds like a rainbow.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cIt might be a [dunite]. \u2026No, the colors aren\u2019t that distinct [as a rainbow], Bob. I\u2019m just giving you shades\u201d (Fig. 11.48<\/strong>).<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.48.<\/strong> Lunar Receiving Laboratory image of cataclastic dunite sample 72415<\/strong> from Boulder 3, Station 2, as unpacked and dusted. Note the coarse grains of olivine in a much finer matrix of crushed olivine and minor other minerals. There is mineralogical and isotopic evidence that this rock initially was formed ~4.45 billion years ago, near the base of the lunar magma ocean and possibly once resided as deep as ~500 km beneath the current lunar surface (Chapter 13). Chips of the large white clast are shown in the lower photo. (NASA Photos S73-27577, S73-17969).<\/span><\/p>\n

[Sample 72415-18<\/strong> (Fig. 11.48<\/strong>,\u00a0lower<\/em>), indeed, turned out to be a dunite, with rounded olivine mineral clasts in a fine-grained matrix of olivine and very little else. Some olivine is associated with a symplectitic (worm-like) intergrowth of Cr-spinel and Ca-clinopyroxene. Differential crushing of olivine crystals give the clast the appearance of a being porphyritic (granoblastic texture in cataclastic rocks). Initially, this sample was assumed to be from the Mg-suite of lunar rocks. New petrographic and isotopic analysis, however, suggest that this dunite may have originated as part of the initial cumulate of the magma ocean. Overturn of the mantle appears to have brought some cumulates close to the base of the crust and to where large basin impacts could excavate fragments from them (see Chapter 13). This sample may have originally accumulated and stabilized mineralogically as much as 500 km below the surface of the Moon.<\/span><\/p>\n

Making geological sense of the age data from the three boulders sampled at Station 2, however, remains difficult. Many different events appear to be interacting, some of which never provided an opportunity for isotopic equilibration to occur. Perhaps the best anchors for evaluating the various samples are the Rb-Sr crystallization age of the dunite clast in Boulder 3 of 4.45 \u00b1 0.10 billion years as well as the 3.97 \u00b1 0.01 billion year 40-39<\/sup>Ar reset age for that same highly crushed clast.<\/span><\/p>\n

Post-mission examination and analysis of 72435<\/strong>, the host rock of the dunite clast, indicate that it consists of a melt-breccia with scattered concentrations of vesicles. Besides the dunite, the melt-breccia includes clasts of anorthosite and troctolite. The overall character of the matrix resembles that of the melt breccia of Boulder 2 except for its darker, bluish color. ]<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.49.<\/strong> Lunar Receiving Laboratory image of blue-gray melt-breccia sample 72435<\/strong> from Boulder 3, Station 2, as unpacked and dusted. (NASA Photo S73-16194).<\/span><\/p>\n

[No exposure age is reported for 72435<\/strong>. This color contrast in melt-breccias also will be visible in the boulders sampled at Stations 6 and 7 at the base of the North Massif.<\/span><\/p>\n

The Rb-Sr isochron age of dunite clasts in 72435<\/strong> is 3.77 \u00b1 0.18 billion years with the impact melt matrix showing an older Rb-Sr model age determined for portions of the matrix of 4.01 \u00b1 0.05 billion years. This difference suggests a significant lack of isotopic equilibration. A fission track age of a plagioclase mineral clast was determined to be > 4.05 billion years.]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cHey, Bob,\u201d Cernan called, \u201chave you panned down into Nansen and seen this rock that\u2019s, oh, 30 or 40 meters from us? To give you an idea of the kind of upslope filleting you have on some of those boulders. \u2026It\u2019s down to your right.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWe\u2019ll send Ed (Fendell) over there to look at it.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWell, I\u2019ll help him [by manually pointing the TV]. I don\u2019t think you got enough time [for Ed to find it].\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, we\u2019d like you guys to get going on the rake sample. We\u2019d like light mantle on (in) the rake there.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWhere\u2019s your gnomon?\u201d I asked. \u201cWe\u2019ve got to get a rake sample. \u2026I\u2019m going to have to move out here a ways, Geno.\u201d With rake in hand, I headed toward a spot about 40 m northeast of the Rover where the rake sample could be taken well out onto the light mantle.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. Coming right there, [Jack]. \u2026[Bob,] right there is what I\u2019m looking at [in Nansen].\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. We\u2019re going to check it out; thank you\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cAnd there\u2019s no sense trying to get 500\u2019s up [the slope]. \u2026Well, we\u2019ll see what happens.\u201d Cernan headed toward where I wanted to take the light mantle rake sample. As he moved in my direction, I took a black and white panorama of the area (AS17-138-21053-73). Photograph AS17-138-21072 as well as AS17-137-20976 show the Rover and the Station 2 boulders on which we had worked (Figure 11.50<\/strong>). Additionally, photo 21061<\/strong> indicates that the raindrop pattern of small craters exists on more or less level surfaces but not on steeper slopes (Chapter 13).<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.50.<\/strong> Photograph from the location of the second rake sample at Station 2, showing the Lunar Roving Vehicle with the area of Station 2 behind. The large Boulder 1 sits to the right and down from the central reseau mark. An equally large Boulder 2 is directly to the right of that mark. The much smaller Boulder 3 is midway between Boulder 1 and the Rover. The crater I photographed in<\/span> Fig. 11.47\u2191<\/strong><\/span><\/a> is at the end of the 3 boulders leading up and left from the LRV, its identifying boulder on the south rim easy to spot in both photos. The planimetric map of the area is in<\/span> Fig. 11.26\u2191<\/strong><\/span><\/a>. No boulder tracks have been identified that lead to these boulders from higher on the South Massif. Each of the splashes of light color on the background slope indicates locations of a relatively young impact craters. (NASA Photo AS17-138-21072).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.51.<\/strong> The same view from nearly the same spot taken by Cernan a few minutes earlier (my tracks are not yet in the scene at left, cf<\/em>. Fig. 11.50<\/strong>. (NASA photo AS17-137-20976).<\/span><\/p>\n

[The abundance of boulder tracks on the flanks of the North Massif, as well as tracks to boulders in Nansen, shows that tracks to the sampled boulders existed at some time on the slope of the South Massif above Station 2. Unfortunately, neither the photographs we took of the South Massif nor any LROC images, show tracks leading to the area to the east of Nansen where we established Station 2. The avalanche that formed the light mantle erased all pre-avalanche tracks above that location. Post-avalanche tracks have been lost due to regolith redistribtuion by impact and gradual down-slope movement of that regolith. Comparison of boulder exposure ages and the tracks leading to the Boulders at Stations 6 and 7 suggest that tracks on the massif slopes will be largely erased within about 50 million years or less (See Chapter 13) or somewhat greater than the lowest exposure ages of the boulders sampled at Station 2.]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. Also, there\u2019s no time to get 500\u2019s either, unfortunately,\u201d Parker repeats. \u201cWe\u2019re planning [adding this] on Station 4, which will be a better perspective distance anyway.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, I was going to say there\u2019s no sense in trying to get them up the Massif; I don\u2019t think you\u2019ll see anything up there [because of the angle]. \u2026You getting your pan?\u201d Cernan asked, switching his attention to me.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWhere do you want it (the gnomon)?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWell, right over there where there\u2019s some fragments. And you get the\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019ll get the before [photo] and the locator (AS17-137-20974-75),\u201d Cernan said, reading my mind.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, and then I\u2019ll get the down-[Sun]. \u2026[Its even] tiring to take pictures.\u201d Here I am, exploring the Moon for heaven\u2019s sake, still complaining about tired hands!<\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.52.<\/strong> Cernan\u2019s \u201cbefore\u201d of the 2nd rake site. The locator photo is Fig. 11.51\u2191<\/strong><\/span><\/a>. (NASA photo AS17-137-20974).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah. Let me tell you, you just got to think an order of magnitude bigger [time for tasks] than what you\u2019re normally are accustomed to thinking.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, pan\u2019s complete,\u201d I reported.<\/p>\n

\u201cLet\u2019s get the rake sample so we can move on. \u2026Bob, I couldn\u2019t get those 500\u2019s anyway. It would require me to pitch up (lean back) too far, and there\u2019s no way I could do it.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. No, we\u2019re definitely not in favor of that, Gene,\u201d Parker agreed, \u201cat this area.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI know. I\u2019m just mulling it over, but there really isn\u2019t any way I could get them.\u201d One way would have been for one of us to hold the other as he leaned back or just to take the camera off the RCU, but neither of these ideas occurred to anyone at the time.<\/p>\n

I took this rake sample by going forward a few steps, dragging the rake for about two meters for each swath. \u201cBoy, I tell you\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cHow are your hands? Let me rake that a little bit,\u201d Cernan offered.<\/p>\n

\u201cWell, it\u2019s all right,\u201d I said, \u201cthere just aren\u2019t any rocks. Should have brought the scoop and used the old shovel trick.\u201d \u201cThe old shovel trick\u201d consisted of using the scoop as a shovel to fill the rake.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThere\u2019s a couple; keep going. \u2026There sure aren\u2019t [many rocks], are there?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, do you have any feeling [that] you have that hard layer underneath there like you did yesterday,\u201d asked Parker, \u201cwhen you raked at Station 1, Jack?\u201d This was a good question from the Science Support Room. Unfortunately, I never made any comment about it as I collected the sample.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThere\u2019s one (rock) under the gnomon you can get,\u201d Cernan suggested; however, one point was to see how many rock fragments turned up randomly in a given area.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cSeveral I thought were rocks turned out to be clods,\u201d I observed.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, that\u2019s what most of them are is clods. How do you get clods if it\u2019s never been wet? You\u2019re not getting any. You\u2019ve had three in there ever since the last four scoops (swaths).\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThere just aren\u2019t many.\u201d I stopped at this point to pour the few rocks in the rake into a sample bag Cernan held out.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201c507 (72735-38),\u201d <\/strong>he said.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, copy 507, very few [rocks].\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThree rocks. \u2026Yeah, you got about four rocks about 2 inches and smaller,\u201d counted Cernan.<\/span><\/p>\n

[Post-mission examination of 72735-38<\/strong> confirmed that the light mantle rake sample consisted of only four breccia samples in contrast to the fifteen collected on the lower slope of the South Massif from similarly sized areas. This difference supports the hypothesis that the light mantle consists of the remains of a fluidized avalanche of regolith that flowed off the side of the South Massif (See Chapter 13). As a fluidized avalanche moved, fragments would tend to be sorted by size with larger sizes moving toward the bottom of the flow and finer fragments concentrating toward the top based on their surface area to mass ratios.<\/span><\/p>\n

Rake sample fragment 72735<\/strong> has received considerable interest. It has unusually high concentrations of rubidium, zirconium and trace elements as well as a small amount of K-feldspar. Olivine and pyroxene contain about 15-40% iron component. All of this suggests a strong association with the KREEP suite of lunar rocks that in turn appear to be related to the residual melt of the lunar magma ocean (urKREEP). No 39-40<\/sup>Ar age date has been obtained other than this sample\u2019s latest reset age appears older than 3.85 billion years.]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cAnd let me get the down-Sun which [also will be an after photo]. \u2026And we want to get the soil.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay,\u201d Parker repeated, \u201clet\u2019s just get the soil and\u2026press on. We\u2019d like to move in 3 minutes, 3 minutes.\u201d<\/p>\n

Okay. \u2026You got it (the down-Sun picture)?\u201d asked Cernan.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. Let me put this in your bag (SCB) and\u2026 Forget the soil.\u201d This command from Cernan surprised me.<\/p>\n

\u201cForget the soil?\u201d That would make the rake sample much less valuable.<\/p>\n

\u201cHe wants us moving in 3 minutes. So let\u2019s go.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWell\u2026\u201d I said with uncertainty. Clearly, Cernan had assumed the role of a Commander, responding to what he thought he had been ordered to do by Mission Control.<\/p>\n

\u201cNo, get the soil, guys. Get the soil. Don\u2019t forget the soil; get the soil.\u201d Parker broke in, possibly realizing that he had interrupted the normal rake sampling procedure, prematurely.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, we want it,\u201d I said, reinforcing Parker\u2019s request.<\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019m sorry, I thought you said to skip it.\u201d Cernan apparently had misheard \u201cjust get the soil\u201d as \u201cforget the soil.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cGot your bag?\u201d I asked him.<\/p>\n

\u201cYep.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cMay be a little messy.\u201d I warned.<\/p>\n

\u201cThat\u2019s all right\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

As I poured the kilogram sample into the bag, I said, lightly, \u201cOne-scoop-Schmitt, they call me. That\u2019s good.\u201d<\/p>\n

[Except for the paucity of large fragments, post-mission examination of 72701<\/strong><\/span>[41<\/span><\/strong>]<\/a><\/sup> disclosed that this portion of the light mantle regolith near the massif mostly contained material similar to that of the South Mantle slope, including about 3.4% volcanic glass and 1.7% basalt in the 90-150 \u00b5m fraction. This also is comparable to other Station 2 regolith samples. Agglutinates are 43.6%, a value that corresponds well with an intermediate-high Is\/FeO maturity index of 61. The light mantle 72701<\/strong> maturity index of 61 is puzzling and shows that comparisons of one maturity index with another must be viewed with caution. As discussed below, other surface regolith samples from the light mantle have significantly higher maturity indexes than 61.]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201c<\/strong>You\u2019ll have to start putting some of these samples in my bag,\u201d suggested Cernan. \u201cYou\u2019re getting a full bag for Christmas here.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cIs it (the SCB) so full we ought to change it?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYep. Let\u2019s do that after we get to the next station, though.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWell, okay.\u201d I sounded hesitant, as I did not want to take a chance that samples might bounce out on the drive to Station 3.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe ought to start moving out of here.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, let\u2019s go,\u201d I agreed, and started to ski rapidly to the Rover.<\/p>\n

\u201cLet me get one after [photo] of the area.\u201d Cernan had lost his concern for the time.<\/p>\n

\u201c[The area] that we messed up.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cBeautiful station, guys; just simply beautiful. Almost deserves a Falcon code,\u201d added Parker.<\/p>\n

\u201cMan, I\u2019ll tell you,\u201d Cernan agreed, now hopping, then skipping the 40 m back to the Rover. His progress over relatively level terrain was significantly slower compared to my skiing gate. Then he laughed at the reference to the Navy\u2019s Falcon code system. \u201cFalcon 109 (beautiful!). I couldn\u2019t help that, Bob; it\u2019s just too beautiful.\u201d<\/p>\n

[Falcon codes were developd by military pilots\u2019 codes as a means of passing rude comments over the radio, but in this case, Cernan apparently usurped \u201cFalcon 109\u201d as a compliment to the activities at Station 2. Falcon 109 actually meant something else, entirely.]<\/p>\n

\u201cHey, Jack,\u201d Cernan continued, \u201cwill you look where we kicked up this stuff. There\u2019s some light [material]. \u2026Well, I can\u2019t see it now, I\u2019m looking\u2026\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cI can see,\u201d I confirmed, having noticed this earlier but had neglected to mention in the rush to finish at Station 2. \u201cThere\u2019s a light-colored fragmental [layer] I think we break into.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, we kick it up.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThey\u2019re light-colored clods.\u201d I am glad Cernan mentioned this, as I probably would have forgotten it. Later, I would note that the upper couple of centimeters of the light mantle are significantly browner than what lay below. This upper zone probably shows the depth of new regolith development since the light mantle was deposited 75-107 millon years ago (Chapter 13).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cAnd,\u201d Cernan went on, \u201cwhen I was walking uphill [near the boulders], I really wasn\u2019t sinking in, probably, more than an inch or two.\u201d Although not totally clear, this observation may relate to sinking in more deeply on the light mantle and be related to a much higher content of fines near the surface of the light mantle as compared to the more fragment-rich regolith on the slope of the South Massif.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYou want to take this bag (SCB) off of me?\u201d I said, forcing the issue of protecting the samples we had gathered from the potential of the SCB coming open during our next Rover traverse.<\/p>\n

\u201cYes, sir.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019ll get one out [from under the seat]. \u2026We can use this one (SCB-4).\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah. Because we want to get rolling\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, Seventeen, there\u2019s a couple of things here, while your getting undone there.\u201d Parker then gave us a much too long a list as we were busy doing other things in preparation for leaving Station 2. \u201cThere\u2019s our housekeeping to close out. Change those bags. We\u2019d also like to get the SEP turned on, and you might read us the temperature when you turn it on. And other than that, stowing the TV and low-gain (meaning to say \u201chigh-gain\u201d) antenna and you\u2019re on your way. We\u2019ve taken care of the gravimeter already.\u201d Parker should have waited until we had finished with what we knew was required to see what we might have missed.<\/p>\n

\u201cDid our [gravimeter] reading change much, Bob?\u201d Although not pertinent to the field activities under way, my curiosity had gotten the best of me.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWhich one?\u201d Parker thought I might be thinking of the non-functioning ALSEP gravimeter rather than the TGE. Due to the press of leaving Station 2, this question never had an answer and probably did not need one at this time.<\/span><\/p>\n

[The preliminary TGE gravity readings between the Challenger<\/em> and Station 2 decreased by about 25 mgal with the value of gravity at the landing site determined to be 162,694.6 \u00b1 5 mgal.<\/span>[42<\/span><\/strong>]<\/a><\/sup> This determination assumes a 1 km thick basaltic block in the valley with a 0.8 gm\/cm3<\/sup> greater density than the underlying breccias of the massifs.]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201c[Gene,] Make sure that\u2019s (SCB-8) locked on there (the gate),\u201d I warned.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, it is locked; [and] make sure the cap\u2019s locked,\u201d he said to himself. \u2026Okay, bag 8 is on the gate, and Jack\u2019s getting bag 4. \u2026Boy, I know my camera\u2019s going to be [dusty]\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYou copy on the SEP receiver turn-on and temperature?\u201d, repeated Parker.<\/p>\n

\u201cRight,\u201d I said.<\/p>\n

\u201cIs my bag (SCB) closed?\u201d Cernan asked me, then, responding to Parker, \u201cWe got that, Bob.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYour bag is closed.\u201d, I told Cernan.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. Seventeen, take all that back, we\u2019ve just had a change of heart back here. And we\u2019re not going to turn the SEP ON, just cover it up. And you might give us a temperature reading as you go by; that\u2019ll help us think what to do with it.\u201d Unfortunately, the SEP receiver had run hot during its operation out to Station 2, and Mission Control hoped that it would cool down if left off and covered for another hour or so. Our return as far as Station 3 would cover ground for which we hoped we had out-bound data, so leaving the SEP off would not lose much information, provided it recorded data on the traverse to Station 2 as, indeed, proved to be the case.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s (SEP temperature) about 98,\u201d I reported \u2013 a drop of 7 degrees since we arrived at Station 2.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cCopy 98; then leave them (the switches) both OFF\u2026\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cSeventeen, John (Young) and Charlie (Duke) are kind of advising you to put that full SCB(-8) underneath the seat to make sure the top doesn\u2019t bounce open and lose some of those rocks.\u201d Excellent advice. I should have thought of this, given my earlier concern about samples bouncing out with it mounted on my PLSS.<\/p>\n

\u201cWell, you can\u2019t take better advice than from those who have been here!\u201d replied Cernan\u2026 \u201cTheir advice has been pretty good, so far.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI won\u2019t pass that on to them. I think they [might be hard to live with].\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cThese [tool gate] locks are clamming up, Jack. I can\u2019t unlock that one now. \u2026Can you lock that one? \u2026They\u2019re all getting sticky.\u201d Cernan refers to the clamps on the gate that hold the various tools in place. Very fine dust has worked its way into the moving parts and had begun to jam their movement.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThat one [for the SCB] just didn\u2019t want to work any more,\u201d I replied.<\/p>\n

\u201cLet me see.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cIt isn\u2019t moving either way,\u201d I added.<\/p>\n

\u201cThis one was sticky, too. Let me see.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOut\u2019s OPEN, right?\u201d I asked to be sure I remembered correctly.<\/p>\n

\u201cOut is OPEN, yeah,\u201d agreed Cernan. \u201cLet me try once more, if I have to [I\u2019ll hit it with the hammer].\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cHere I got it,\u201d I said as I applied even more force with my hand.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, those are really getting dusty. I\u2019ll hit those with a dust brush next time around.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cCharge that time up to John and Charlie!\u201d I exclaimed as I carried SCB 8 to my seat. Of course, it was the right thing to do. \u201c\u2026Okay. What haven\u2019t we done?\u201d I was glancing at the Cuff Checklist for the end of Station 2 activities.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. I got to get the (TV) camera,\u201d replied Cernan. \u201cOkay, Bob, I\u2019m taking your [TV] camera,\u201d he warned Mission Control.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, looks like it\u2019s in the right place,\u201d Parker replied as Fendell had pointed the camera down and aft. \u201cYou won\u2019t have to turn it around. Good coordination.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYes, sir. Okay,\u201d Cernan said, looking at the Checklist. \u201cWe read the TGE. I\u2019m going MODE 1 [on the LCRU].<\/p>\n

\u201cRoger on that. Okay; we lost the picture,\u201d acknowledged Parker. \u201c\u2026And give me a call when you guys get rolling. \u2026And we\u2019d like frames [count] when it\u2019s convenient on you guys.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, Bob. \u2026LMP is at 46,\u201d I responded, having jumped into my Rover seat while Cernan dealt with the TV and LCRU. At this point, Cernan took a photograph of the right rear of the Rover that provides an excellent picture of the replacement fender after about 9 km of use (Fig. 11.4b\u2191<\/strong><\/span><\/a>).<\/p>\n

\u201cAnd CDR is at \u2013 if I stop long enough \u2013 113. \u2026Oh, look at that! Boy, I tell you\u2026\u201d We took one last look at the Earth over the Massif behind us.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, Geno,\u201d I directed, based on referral to the diagram in my Cuff Checklist, \u201cmore or less follow our tracks back until we get over the big hump (main scarp) and then we can start picking our way to (Station) 3. I\u2019ve got 3 pretty well spotted.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay; low-gain is set, and heading about 035. \u2026Oh, let me set this thing out of the way again. This has been giving me more trouble.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWhat\u2019s that? The hammer?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, the [hammer] handle.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOh, getting caught in there?\u201d I realized that the hammer handle projecting out of his right calf pocket was hitting the bottom of the console between us.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, Bob. We\u2019re ready [and] we\u2019re rolling. You need any [Rover system] readings?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cNo, no readings called out. And when you get going, I\u2019ll give you a little advice on what we\u2019re going to do on the way to Station 3.\u201d<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

Traverse to Station 3<\/strong><\/p>\n

We started EVA-2 three hours and 12 minutes earlier, putting us about 20 minutes behind the planned departure time. We still had plenty of walk-back margins, but this deficit would impact the times we would have for future stations.<\/p>\n

\u201cWell, let me tell you a few things first, Bob.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, start telling me.\u201d<\/p>\n

Increasingly, I tried to let Parker know without showing obvious discord that his interruptions distracted us from the job we had come to do. It interfered a lot with recording information about the geology. I could not take written notes, so everything had to be verbalized. At other times, he interrupted the flow of my investigations as well as Cernan\u2019s activities spelled out in the Cuff Checklist. Cernan never seemed to recognize these problems, probably being conscious of the fact, as a pilot and Commander, that scientific results were not his prime responsibility. He clearly showed more interest in the activities of exploration than in the results of exploration. My aim, in turn, focused on maximizing results.<\/p>\n

[Clearly, I had an unexpected problem with Parker\u2019s disruption of thought processes as well as his lack of recognition of when on-the-spot exploration decisions need to be made. In spite of all our field exercises and related simulations, he seemed to forget when exploration of Taurus-Littrow was actually taking place that we could evaluate any given situation with more information related to field decisions better than he could. In his defense relative to the conduct of his role as CapCom, Parker seemed to feel that his job consisted more of managing the EVA activities than of maximizing the return from having two human explorers on the lunar surface. Like Cernan, as an astronomer, Parker did not have a vested personal interest in the scientific success of Apollo 17, although, clearly, he hoped for the best return possible. Also, Parker often had to do his job, rightly or wrongly, without seeing what we were doing at any given time, unless Fendell had directed the TV coverage to monitor our actions. If TV coverage had been more closely directed to our activities, Parker could have used more discretion in interjecting himself.<\/p>\n

In the \u201cLessons Learned\u201d category, the Flight Director should have been exerting control over Fendell who seemed to spend a lot of time only looking at things that interested him,[43<\/span><\/strong>]<\/a><\/sup> although it is possible that the Public Affairs Officer was communicating with him on these matters. The field training never had a TV camera in operation or this problem might have been identified and rectified before flight. I monitored the EVAs on Apollos 15 and 16 in Mission Control, but I do not recall noticing during these missions that Fendell did not follow the human action with the TV camera. This might partly be the consequence of the valley of Taurus-Littrow being a more spectacular scenic area than either the Hadley or Decartes landing sites explored by those previous missions. Fendell should have been directed, however, to be more supportive of the need of Parker and others working the EVAs in Mission Control. In turn, these individuals should have insisted, through the Flight Director, that he do so.]<\/p>\n

\u201cI think those two [major kinds of blocks],\u201d<\/span> I began only to be interrupted this time by Cernan, repeating his previous call.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe\u2019re rolling!\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cAll right. Those two major kinds of blocks that we sampled there\u2014 about the [only] two varieties we saw in the area\u2014 it\u2019s a long extrapolation I realize\u2014 but they do resemble in color, and I believe in texture, the blue-gray rocks and the light-tan rocks up on the Massif. So I feel confident that\u2014 fairly confident\u2014 that we sampled at least the two major units visible from a distance in the South Massif.\u201d The question remaining, of course, was which block source lay above the other.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cExcellent. Excellent.\u201d Our CapCom just could not shut up!<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cI think that there is some, [that is,] a lot of post-mission work to be done on correlating the angularity (surface irregularities) and possibly even the albedos of the rocks we sampled with those on the Massif. We should have good pictures of both from a distance and up close.\u201d Boulder 1\u2019s highly irregular and roughly layered shape contasts sharply with the smoother and more uniform shape of Boulder 2.<\/span><\/p>\n

I tried to continue. \u201cSo we may be able\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay,\u201d Parker interrupted, again. \u201cI\u2019m reminded\u2026that extrapolation is the nature of our art,\u201d This time, his interruption, however clever he may have thought it was, kept me from finishing whatever thought I wanted to record.<\/p>\n

\u201cHa-ha-ha-ha-ha-ha.\u201d Cernan thought this was funny and only made me even unhappier with both him and Parker.<\/p>\n

\u201cAnd, Bob, I\u2019m not going to [ever be able to finish]! \u2026How am I on the film?\u201d I apparently just gave up trying to insert my thoughts. I suspect I was going to speculate on being able to correlate the blocks we had sampled with the outcrops visible on the slopes of the South Massif.<\/p>\n

\u201cOh, my golly! Look at that valley!\u201d Cernan exclaimed as we climbed out of the Nansen trough. A great, eastward view of the valley of Taurus-Littrow lay before us.<\/p>\n

\u201cI think you\u2019re doing fairly well, now, [on film].\u201d Parker at least heard my question about film. \u201cAnd before you guys get too far, a couple of comments we want to do on the way. There is a Rover sample stop in your checklist, it used to be at 073 (bearing) and 6.3 (range); it\u2019s the first thing there, halfway out to Hole-in-the-Wall. And we\u2019re now going to have that Rover sample stop at 078 and 7.0. That should be along your tracks going home. So, about 078 and 7.0, we\u2019ll have the Rover sample stop. And the gravimeter people have won today, and we\u2019re going to stop and get off the Rover and get a gravimeter reading at that location. We\u2019re taking out (time from) some stop, I\u2019m not sure quite where. And right now, Jack, you\u2019re right-on on the film, says a little note in front of me.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. I\u2019ll take [traverse] pictures, then.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cBob, we\u2019re on the top [of the Nansen rim],\u201d reported Cernan, \u201ccoming off the highest lobe of the Scarp looking back into the valley. And it\u2019s quite a scene back there, but we still cannot see the LM. \u2026That may be it. I don\u2019t know.\u201d The Nansen rim actually consists of the rim of the moat or linear depression that lies along the north base of the South Massif. In referring to the \u201chighest “lobe” of the Scarp,\u201d Cernan may have been referring to the highest longitudinal ridge that we came over. Usually, we used “lobe” to refer to the northeast projecting rounded ridges that define the scarp where it crosses the valley floor.<\/p>\n

\u201cHey, turn a partial pan [with the Rover],\u201d I requested. \u201cI know it\u2019s into the Sun.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWait a minute. Wait a minute. Okay. Let\u2019s take one from right here. I want the whole thing (the whole valley)\u2026 You ready to start?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, I got it.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cStart taking. Take the whole thing.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cGo ahead,\u201d I instructed.<\/p>\n

\u201c[Have to] get around this crater.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI got a pan down the valley. This is just going to be right into the (Sun)\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.53.<\/strong> Two frames from the LRV pan I made shortly after we left Station 2 on the way to Station 3. (Top<\/em>): a view NE towards the Wessex Cleft showing the paucity of boulders in the near field. (Bottom<\/em>): The view NW towards the Lee-Licoln Scarp on the North Massif with Hanover Crater just visible above the ridge to the right of the central cross. (NASA Photos AS17-138-21095, -21090).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah. Don\u2019t take that one. Get it up as we come around. You get it?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cThere we go.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. That\u2019s the one we want. And you got the valley?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah. Keep going. \u2026Keep turning around over there, and I\u2019ll get that Scarp. That\u2019s beautiful.\u201d I referred to the Scarp snaking across the valley, up the North Massif\u2019s lower slopes, and then bending off to the northwest.<\/p>\n

\u201cIsn\u2019t that something? Man, you talk about a mysterious looking place\u2026\u201d The non-geologist found Taurus-Littrow \u201cmysterious\u201d even after at least dozens of field trips and training exercises in spectacular geological locations on Earth. Geologists don\u2019t normally think of natural features as \u201cmysterious\u201d but rather as presenting opportunties to understand further how nature works.<\/p>\n

Referring to the partial panorama of the valley I just took (AS17-138-21075-92), I suggested, \u201cThey can cut some frames \u2013 [cut] some parts of those pictures out \u2013 and make a nice photograph, [including] TV camera, maps\u2026\u201d As a consequence of the glare and Rover motion, my panorama of the valley did not show much except for the relative paucity of boulders around craters in the near field as compared to craters in the dark mantle. (Photographs AS17-138-21093-95 show the lack of boulders around craters in the light mantle)<\/span>. The human eye and brain do much better than the camera in integrating what can be seen in spite of the glare of the sun; but only the person on the spot benefits directly from those mental images, unfortunately.<\/p>\n

Then, I went back to geological observations. \u201cOkay, looking at the light mantle: No more comments except that, by that rake sample, and just looking [around], there certainly are fewer [rock] fragments [at the surface] than we saw at Station 2 [on the massif slope]. The main thing that we can tell [that is different] about the light mantle, and when we\u2019re on it, of course, are the light-colored craters. The fresher craters all appear to be light colored. As they get older, the albedo goes down (lower) and, potentially, have been dusted with material from the dark mantle or from other sites. Either that or it\u2019s just the [result of] lunar patination that we\u2019re all familiar with.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

[Post-mission considerations and discoveries have provided an explanation of observations related to crater albedo. The addition of ejected dark mantle material probably adds 4-6% volcanic glass plus basalt, as discussed above. Another process may be of equal or grater importance. As the surface of the light mantle ages, solar wind sputtering and micro-meteor impacts cause it to darken. Each process results in the high temperature melting and volitalization of silicate grains at the surface of the regolith. A high silica and alumina glass condenses from the plasmas so produced and coats exposed particles. In addition, each micro-meteor melts material at the point of impact. During these processes, iron oxide in minerals reacts with solar wind protons (FeO + H+ <\/sup>= Fe\u00b0+ OH–<\/sup>) with the formation of extremely small particles of black metallic iron (nanophase iron)<\/span>[44<\/span><\/strong>]<\/a><\/sup> in the glass. These processes also create the thin brown glass patina that covers rock surfaces (see<\/span> Fig. 11.38\u2191<\/strong><\/span><\/a> upper<\/em>, for example). Impacts of larger objects penetrate the developing, brownish surface regolith zone of the light mantle, currently a few centimeters thick, exposing lighter colored material underneath. This gives each fresh crater wall and ejecta apron a higher albedo than the surrounding, more mature surface<\/span> (Fig. 11.54\u2193<\/strong><\/span><\/a>).]<\/span><\/p>\n

You know, it\u2019s a shame,\u201d mused Cernan. \u201cThey could have had TV coming down here because my heading isn\u2019t going to change much at all. The high-gain could have been on the whole time.<\/p>\n

\u201cBob, none of the craters out here in the light mantle appear to show bedrock,\u201d I continued. \u201cAlmost all of them are instant rock craters.\u201d Most of the fragments in the ejecta of these craters consist of regolith compacted into chunks of breccia at the instant of impact.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cSay, Bob. Give me that bearing and range again for the [Rover sample] up on the hill.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201c7.0 [km]; right here,\u201d I told him.<\/p>\n

\u201c078 (bearing) and 7.0 (range),\u201d Parker added, belatedly.<\/p>\n

\u201cHow about 071 and 7.0?\u201d queried Cernan. \u201cWill that do?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah. I think that that will be enough to hack it.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWell, if not, we can go down there [to 071].\u201d<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.54.<\/strong> This partial LRV pan I took just after we left Station 2 shows that we are on the light mantle. Note all the bright whitish circles and ellipses of craters on the South Massif and also just ahead of the rover. The boulder above the TV camera is sitting on the rim of a large, light colored crater. (NASA photo AS17-138-21102).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cNo, no, no. Good Lord!\u201d exclaimed Parker. \u201cStay on the road you\u2019re on.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWell, I\u2019m not on any road,\u201d Cernan countered, \u201cbut I\u2019m stopping here.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI thought you guys were making a road.\u201d Parker should have known, that in new country, one pass makes a track, two passes over the same track makes a trail, and a \u201croad\u201d requires multiple passes over the trail.<\/p>\n

\u201c071. \u2026Let me turn it (the Rover) off. \u20269.8 (distance) and 7.0 (range).\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cAnd the Rover [roll and pitch] numbers should be fairly flat for the ole gravimeter,\u201d Parker reminded us.<\/p>\n

\u201cUh, oh.\u201d I noticed that the Rover had a pretty good tilt to it.<\/p>\n

\u201cWell\u2026 That means we have to change [position] here,\u201d decided Cernan.<\/p>\n

\u201cHey, right over here to my right [looks good],\u201d I told him.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cMaybe it\u2019s the best we can do, but it\u2019s still going to be on a slope.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWell, I\u2019ll level it off [with a wheel] on a [crater rim],\u201d improvised Cernan. \u201c\u2026[I\u2019ll use that one just ahead].\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah; go ahead,\u201d I agreed. \u201cI\u2019m off [the Rover]. Do you see [the crater I mean]?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, I see it. Right there.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOn the rim of that crater that\u2019s built up a little bit?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cRight up here.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWhat\u2019s your [roll]?\u201d I asked. \u201cCan you tell your roll?<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, now that\u2019s about zero [roll] right there.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWhat\u2019s your roll?\u201d I wondered, again, as the Rover looked tilted to me.<\/p>\n

\u201cLet me turn this (Rover power) OFF. Boy, this roll indicator isn\u2019t very [responsive]. \u2026Oh; [roll is] zero.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cZero?\u201d I sensed that we had noticeable roll in spite of this reading.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019ll punch it (the gravimeter) [when you get off]. You\u2019ll change it (the roll) as soon as you get off.<\/p>\n

\u201cNow it\u2019s zero.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOh, you got to get off anyway,\u201d I told him, as there should be no Rover motion during the TGE reading.<\/p>\n

\u201cDo I have to get off for this?\u201d Cernan asked, reluctantly.<\/p>\n

\u201cRoger. Both of you get off.\u201d Parker confirmed what I told him.<\/p>\n

\u201c[Rover] gravimeter reading [requires you get off].\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWhy should I have to get off?\u201d Cernan may have been tired.<\/p>\n

\u201cSo you don\u2019t move the ole gravimeter,\u201d Parker argued.<\/p>\n

\u201cThink you can hold still?\u201d I asked Cernan.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah. I\u2019ll hold still.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cNo. Negative on that, Gene.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, Bob\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201c[Gene,] give me your [Rover] sampler \u2018cause that\u2019s the other thing I have to do.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah. We\u2019ll get Rover samples, at least,\u201d Parker added.<\/p>\n

\u201cUnless you need me off?\u201d I am not sure why Cernan kept arguing instead of just getting off the Rover. It is possible, I guess, that the side-slope activity at Station 2 had aggravated the pre-mission crew vs. support team baseball injury that hyper-extended a tendon in his right leg. He had kept the seriousness of this problem hidden from almost everyone else including me.[45<\/span><\/strong>]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u201cRoger. We want Gene and Jack both off.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWell, if you need me off, [it\u2019s too late]. Jack just punched it (the TGE).\u201d Actually, I had waited to see what he would do.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. Hold still,\u201d I commanded. \u201cThey don\u2019t know anything about your PLSS noise.\u201d We had not tested whether vibrations from the PLSS pumps and fans would disturb the TGE measurement.<\/p>\n

\u201cI better get off,\u201d he concluded.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, I think you oughta,\u201d I agreed.<\/p>\n

\u201cGene, we\u2019d like both of you off,\u201d Parker repeated.<\/p>\n

\u201c071, 9.8, and 7.0, Bob.\u201d Cernan repeated what he had already given them about our position, trying to cover for the time he had wasted arguing. \u201cDon\u2019t push it yet. \u2026Did you?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cNo\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. Go ahead and push it,\u201d Cernan said as he alighted from the Rover and took the 500 mm Hasselblad out from under his seat.<\/p>\n

\u201cLet me wait until it (Rover movement) settles down here.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cThis thing (the 500 mm) is all [set up], isn\u2019t it?\u201d Cernan asked. \u201cThis thing doesn\u2019t change.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cNo, that [setting] should be good,\u201d I confirmed<\/p>\n

\u201cYes, it does change.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201c[Cycle the camera shutter] A couple of times.<\/p>\n

\u201cHuh?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cCycle it a couple of times.\u201d I repeated.<\/p>\n

\u201cNo, the settings.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOh, I don\u2019t know. \u2026Yeah, they\u2019ll change [depending on Sun angle].\u201d Okay. \u2026Quiet Rover. Gravity. MARK it.<\/p>\n

\u201cSay, Bob, I need a quick f-stop for the 500.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cStandby.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s the same film [as in my camera],\u201d I reminded him.<\/p>\n

\u201cStand by,\u201d Parker said again.<\/p>\n

\u201cHey, Bob,\u201d I called, can I punch it (the gravimeter) again?\u201d The TGE numbers indicated disturbance by Rover vibrations.<\/p>\n

\u201cAh\u2026 Yeah. Go to STANDBY and then punch it again.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYou don\u2019t have to wait for it to time out, do you?\u201d I wondered. \u201c\u2026MARK it.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cAnd, Geno, f-stop for the 500 millimeter should be the same as for the 70 [mm Hasselblad].\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cAnd, Jack, I presume you\u2019re getting some Rover samples here off the Rover.\u201d This time I just ignored Parker for thinking that I would just stand around while the TGE did its thing.<\/p>\n

[For reasons that are not clear, Cernan appeared to have lost focus on what was required for both the TGE measurement and the 500 mm camera. This occasional loss of focus on what was important to the moment marked his career as a pilot and astronaut (see Chapter 2).]<\/p>\n

\u201cBag 30 Easy (73120-24<\/strong>).\u201d This sample consisted of light mantle surface material representative of the general area. I must have felt more rested, as I started to use phonetic letter designations, again.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201c30 Easy,\u201d Parker acknowledged. \u201cAre you guys finding much in the way of rocks here?\u201d Parker apparently had not heard my previous remarks on this subject.<\/span><\/p>\n

[Post-mission analysis of the 90-150 \u00b5m fraction of 73121<\/strong> showed ~4.7% volcanic glass and no basalt particles. Relative to ~4.3% volcanic glass and no basalt particles in the light mantle regolith (72701<\/strong>) near Station 2, this similarity in components of dark mantle suggests a relatively uniform flux of post-avalanche ejecta from the dark mantle in spite of the closer proximity of 73121<\/strong> to dark mantle (~500 m vs. ~2500 m). ]<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.55. <\/strong>One of the pair of stereo photos I took of the small pit-bottom crater from which I picked up sample 73131<\/strong>. (NASA photo AS17-138-21096).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019m looking. I\u2019m going to get you some instant rock out of a small pit crater. \u2026[I mean] pit-bottom crater.\u201d No breccia fragments from the Massif could be seen. Before I took the instant rock (regolith breccia) sample, I took stereo photos of the crater (Fig. 11.55<\/strong>).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cBob, up to frame count 36 [on the 500 mm] is the outcrop\u2014 or boulders\u2014 at the top of the South Massif.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.56.<\/strong> Part of Cernan\u2019s pan along the top of the South Massif with the 500 mm lens, showing boulders, but no tracks interspersed amongst bright patches (craters). (Composite of NASA photos AS17-144-22005, -06, -07, -08).<\/span><\/p>\n

[Unfortunately, Cernan\u2019s coverage of the South Massif did not include Station 2. The areas above Station 2, however, do not show any indications of boulder tracks that might relate to the boulders we sampled. Boulder tracks also appear to be absent on the slopes of the Sculptured Hills above Station 8 that we would visit on EVA-3. These 500 mm photographs (AS17-144-22003-35; see Fig. 11.56<\/strong> for a partial pan from 4 of these photos) should be merged with overhead images obtained by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) and used to map apparent outcrops on the Massif slopes. Such maps may give a clearer picture of the internal structures of the Massifs. The photographs of the Sculptured Hills east of Wessex Cleft (AS17-144-23033-35; see<\/span> Fig. 11.57\u2193<\/strong><\/span><\/a>for a composite of these photos) suggest that a contact exists along the higher portions of the mountain. The apparent contact separates a lower, light-gray, boulder-strewn surface from a higher, much lighter gray, relatively smooth surface. This possible contact will be discussed later in Chapter 12 in relation to Station 8 at the base of the Sculptured Hills.]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cBag 31 Easy (73130-34),\u201d <\/strong>I reported. \u201cInstant rock out of a 2-meter [diameter] pit bottom crater\u2014 off the inner wall. \u00a0\u2026Well, let\u2019s make it 30 centimeters down from the rim.\u201d My stereo pair of photographs of this crater (AS17-138-21096-97; see<\/span> Fig. 11.55\u2191<\/strong><\/span><\/a>) show that the \u201cinstant rock\u201d or regolith breccia fragments produced by this small impact into light mantle material concentrate on the walls of the crater and its pit. Some such fragments are scattered on around the crater out to a distance of about a crater diameter; however, no concentration exists at the crater rim immediately outside the wall. I did not report or see any impact glass in this crater.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.57.<\/strong> Composite of the three 500 mm photos of the Sculptured Hills just past the Wessex Cleft. (From NASA photos AS17-144-23033, -034, -035).<\/span><\/p>\n

[Post-mission determination of the 22<\/sup>Na-26<\/sup>Al cosmic ray exposure age of 73131<\/strong> placed the crater (<\/span>Fig. 11.55\u2191<\/strong><\/span><\/a>) age between 100 and 600 thousand years and adds some indication of the rate at which fresh appearing craters degrade. The absence of observed impact glass in the crater, suggests that such glass disintegrates in no more that a few 100,000 years. The fragment I had sampled also disintegrated prior to examination on Earth, showing the fragile nature of some, so-called \u201cinstant rock\u201d, that is, regolith breccia.<\/span><\/p>\n

The low Is\/FeO maturity index of 16 for this clod taken from about 30 cm depth in the light mantle is inconsistent with its moderately high agglutinate content of 32%. The Is\/FeO index for the Station 2 light mantle rake soil sample, 72701<\/strong>, is 61, 45 points higher, and for Station 3 light mantle sample 73121<\/strong> is 78, 62 points higher. The low maturity index of 16 for impact breccia 73131<\/strong> may indicate that impact shock has partially disturbed ferromagnetic ordering of nanophase iron particles on which maturity index measurements depend<\/span>[46<\/span><\/strong>]<\/a><\/sup>.]<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.58.<\/strong> Photo of the area (lower left) where I saw orange reflections coming from the mylar on the LCRU blanket on the front of the LRV at upper right. (NASA photo AS17-138-21099).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, Seventeen. We\u2019ve got about 30 seconds left for that gravimeter reading. You want to start finishing up your tasks and getting back toward the Rover.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay,\u201d I replied.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, Bob,\u201d Cernan reported as he continued with the 500 mm photography of the valley walls. \u201cAnd through frame count 57 are the North Massif from part of the western portions to part of the eastern portions.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cHere\u2019s something different,\u201d I broke in. \u201cHere\u2019s a little\u2026 A chunk of yellow-brown rock that apparently has several spots behind it, probably indicating direction from which it came\u2026 Oh, no\u2026 What is that? That\u2019s a reflection,\u201d I said with a laugh. \u201cThat really fooled me. A reflection off the [Rover orange] Mylar. Crazy,\u201d I continued laughing. \u2026Well, what the heck, I\u2019ll sample it anyway.\u201d I suspect my face was red at my sampling of a reflection. My black and white stereo pair of the reflection (AS17-138-21098-99) shows only a faint indication of what I had seen.<\/p>\n

\u201cAnd, guys, we\u2019re ready for the gravimeter reading. And we\u2019d like a frame count on you, Jack. I guess if you\u2019d prefer\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cLet me get my [low-gain] antenna set so,\u201d Cernan said. \u201cIt\u2019s not quite [pointed at you]\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cIs it (the TGE) through reading?\u201d I asked, still holding the two Rover samples.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, it\u2019s through reading,\u201d Cernan assured me as he adjusted the antenna. \u201c[You\u2019ll] probably read us better now, Bob\u2026 I\u2019ve got [500 mm] photos of Family Mountain and some of the hills way off to the right (north) of Family Mountain (AS17-144-22036-45). I\u2019m at [frame count] 67 on the 500, and I\u2019ll give you the reading on the gravimeter.\u201d (Fig. 11.59<\/strong>)<\/p>\n

\u201cWell, you were reading [our transmissions] at probably a 90-degree low-gain angle.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe\u2019ve been reading through the LM also.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201c32 Easy (73150-56<\/strong>) is just another small fragment [with some soil], I informed Parker. The maturity index for this \u201creflection\u201d sample is 68.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201c[Gene,] you know what I need?\u201d I had realized that the Rover sampler had only one more Dixie Cup in it.<\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.59.<\/strong> (upper<\/em>): (West) Family Mountain at the southwest entrance to Taurus-Littrow valley. (bottom<\/em>): (Old) Family Mountain at the northwest entrance to the valley. For a discussion on the naming of these two mountains, see ALSJ<\/em><\/a><\/span>. (Composites of NASA 500 mm photos A17-144-22036,-037,-038 and 144-22045,-042,-043).<\/span><\/p>\n

Ignoring me, Cernan read off the TGE numbers \u201c670, 123, 501; 670, 123, 501.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. Copy that, Geno,\u201d Parker replied. \u201cAnd we\u2019re ready for you guys to go on at your earliest convenience.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cDo you want me to load the LRV sampler?\u201d Without waiting for an answer, I told Cernan to \u201cGo ahead\u201d and get a Dixie Cup dispenser from under his seat.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, There you go.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cAnd, Jack, is that your last LRV sample bag?\u201d Parker asked.<\/p>\n

\u201cI only had one left, but it\u2019s (the sampler) loaded [again[ now.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWe\u2019re buttoning up,\u201d reported Cernan.<\/p>\n

\u201cAnd if you don\u2019t have one left for that sample at Hole-in-the-Wall, Jack, we\u2019d like you to get a new set of sample bags.\u201d Parker had not understood that I had reloaded the sampler.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe got it,\u201d I told him.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. Got it. \u2026And still understand that thirty-two Echo was your last sample.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cThirty-two Echo,\u201d I repeated. \u201cGot three [samples] here. \u00a0\u2026Oh, oh,\u201d I said as Cernan fell onto the surface getting into his seat. \u201c[You] okay?\u201d As Cernan\u2019s bad leg was his right leg, and he would need to kick that leg up and to the right to land on his seat, it may be that his damaged tendon was indeed causing him some pain. On EVA-3, he tripped at Station 6 crossing a slope with his right leg uphill, and then fell again next to his side of the Rover at Station 8 and needed my help to stand up due to being parked on a slope. As Cernan never called attention during the mission to his tendon issue, this is speculation on my part some 50 years later. I knew that he hurt himself at the baseball game, and used a crutch for a few days afterward, but I only became aware of the seriousness of the tendon injury in 1999 with the publication of his book.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cNeed some help?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cNope. I\u2019ve got the Rover.\u201d He reached up and grabbed the Rover frame to help stand up.<\/p>\n

\u201cWas that me?\u201d I asked, thinking I might have distracted him as I put the Rover samples in the console\u2019s SCB.<\/p>\n

\u201cNo. \u2026That was interesting. Bob, about 2 inches below the surface here, you run into that blue-gray (light-gray) material down there and it\u2019s in little clods, and it breaks apart in your hands.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, that\u2019s right,\u201d I said as I went over to help him. It appeared that the thin regolith on the light mantle had developed on material that is slightly indurated and breaks into irregular, roughly tabular fragments.<\/span><\/p>\n

[The slow settling of very fine, slightly cohesive material in a post-avalanche, degassing medium may have partially indurated at least the upper portions of the light mantle deposit. This also is suggested by the relatively high reflection of 12.6 cm radar detected by the Mini-RF system aboard the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter.<\/span>[47<\/span><\/strong>]<\/a><\/sup>]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cDid you get some of that in your Rover sample?\u201d Cernan asked.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cNo, but I got it out of that instant rock crater.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWe oughta\u2026just grab a quick Rover sample, and we\u2019ll take off.\u201d Then he laughed. \u201cThat was a pretty interesting episode,\u201d referring to his fall.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah,\u201d I agreed, adding, \u201cwell, you know, we haven\u2019t been trenching like we should or we would have\u2026\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWe would have found it [earlier],\u201d Cernan finished my thought.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cBut, really those craters are giving us the same information: that there\u2019s a light-colored material underneath.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, Seventeen, we\u2019re ready for you guys to move on and we\u2019d like to eliminate the Rover sample at Hole-in-the-Wall.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, Bob. We\u2019re getting on now. \u2026We got on a minute ago,\u201d Cernan added with a chuckle, meaning he was on but fell off.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cAnd, do I understand that these Rover samples, Jack, are in your pockets?\u201d Parker asked to be sure the EVA console in Mission Control could keep track of the sample inventory.<\/p>\n

\u201cNo. They\u2019re in the [SCB] bag on the Rover\u2026[along with Bag] 40 Yankee (73140-46). <\/strong>\u2026That\u2019s light-colored soil from a depth of about\u2026. It\u2019s mixed with a little of the upper surface [material], but [it\u2019s] mostly light-colored soil from a depth of about 15 centimeters.\u201d I had used my foot to dig a rough trench down to about that depth.<\/span><\/p>\n

[Post-mission analysis of the 90-150 \u00b5m fraction of 73141<\/strong> from about 15 cm depth added more information about the distribution of dark mantle components on to the light mantle. This sample contained only 1.2% volcanic glass and 2.6% basalt particles. This is in contrast to 4.7% volcanic glass and no detected basalt particles for surface sample 73121<\/strong> in the area of the trench site. The low content of volcanic glass would be expected in recently deposited light mantle and could be either original to the South Mastiff regolith that supplied material for the avalanche or came as the result of sampling contamination from the new regolith on the upper surface. The presence of a basalt component in 73141<\/strong>, on the other hand, indicates that some introduced basalt particles probably existed in the South Massif avalanche source regolith but were preferentially sorted by density and\/or volume\/mass differences from the finer material closer to the surface of the avalanche. The presence of small quantities of crushed basalt in sample 72275<\/strong> from Boulder 1 at Station 2 indicates that some of the basalt particles in the pristine light mantle may have been derived from the South Massif breccias during pre-avalanche regolith formation.<\/span><\/p>\n

The Is\/FeO maturity index for 73141<\/strong> is an intermediate 48, closely matching its agglutinate content of about 32%. These indications of maturity may be roughly those of the pre-avalanche regolith on the slope of the South Massif; however, active redistribution of fine particles of agglutinate during the avalanche may have taken place and thus added to the apparent maturity of this sample.]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWonder what I\u2019d do for an encore?\u201d asked Cernan, referring again to his fall that accidentally exposed original light mantle below a thin surface layer of slightly darker regolith.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cIt looks like the light mantle in here is covered with dark[er regolith] to a depth of about 5 or 10 centimeters,\u201d I concluded.<\/span><\/p>\n

[Simulations of the process of regolith formation<\/span>[48<\/span><\/strong>]<\/a><\/sup>, as would be expected, show that, with time, the depth of regolith on a new surface increases at a decreasing rate in accordance with an observed exponential decrease in the frequency of large versus small impacts. It appears that a general rate is 0.6 cm after one million years, 1.5 cm after ten million years, and about 4 cm after 100 million years, subject to local variations of several centimeters due to the irregular distribution of impact ejecta. These conclusions roughly match my observation of at least 5 cm of new regolith on the light mantle, if the 75-107 million years estimate of its age is about right (see Chapter 13).]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYou might want to go MIN, Jack, on your [cooling water] diverter,\u201d suggested Cernan.<\/p>\n

\u201cRight now, I\u2019m sort of warm.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. When we start driving, you might want to go [MIN]. I\u2019m going to zap myself with a [little] cold.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI can do it on here [while we\u2019re driving],\u201d I told him.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.60.<\/strong> One frame from the series of a partial LRV pan I made as we left Station 2a (the gravimeter and pit-crater stop) on our way to Station 3. (NASA photo AS17-144-21108).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cDid you take any pictures at all while you were there?\u201d Cernan asked as we started to roll.<\/p>\n

\u201cOh, yeah. I didn\u2019t take a pan. \u2026Why don\u2019t you turn right to [get a pan of the site]?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, Bob. If you read, we\u2019re rolling,\u201d reported Cernan.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. MARK that,\u201d Parker replied.<\/p>\n

\u201cMaking a right-hand turn for a pan.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201c[Make that a turn to the] left,\u201d I said, changing my mind so that I could minimize the amount of the high-gain antenna imaged in each frame.<\/p>\n

\u201cLet me see where we\u2019re going. I [missed that crater,] again. You know, a little more [right] and that hole (crater) would have been in the way.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWe left some of our litter (the bag for the Dixie Cups replacement). Not a complete pan but it will show the location. \u2026Okay. LMP frame count [is] 80. \u2026Geno, you\u2019re heading for a spot that\u2019s about 080\/5.5, approximately.\u201d I called out the next stop indicated on the Cuff Checklist, forgetting that this Rover sample had been canceled in the interest of making up a little time.<\/p>\n

The partial panorama at Station 2a (AS17-138-21100-13) continues to document how few boulders lie at the surface of the light mantle (e.g.,<\/span> Fig. 11.60\u2191<\/strong><\/span><\/a>). The last of these pictures catches the entrance to Hole-in-the-Wall and the top of the lobe of the Scarp that forms its east boundary.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, you guys following tracks home or not?\u201d Parker asked. He did not mean, \u201chome\u201d, but rather meant Station 3.<\/p>\n

\u201cNo,\u201d Cernan answered. \u2026Do you have an update [for navigation to Hole-in-the-Wall]?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201c\u2026Hole-in-the-Wall should be at about 080 (bearing) and maybe 5.7 (range).\u201d This location was remarkably close to that in the Cuff Checklist, and probably was off, as later Parker would tell us that Station 3 would be 089 and 6.1, respectively. \u201cAnd we\u2019re not going to stop to get a Rover sample at Hole-in-the-Wall.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, that sounds reasonable because it\u2019s just nothing but lots of rolling terrain\u2026\u201d If Cernan meant by this comment that the light mantle out ahead of us looked similar to that which we had sampled, then he was correct. Had there been time, however, another Rover sample would have been statistically valuable, but he probably would not have been thinking about that geological nuance.<\/p>\n

\u201cWhat about Station 3?\u201d he then asked.<\/p>\n

Before Parker could answer, I interjected, \u201cBob, I think we have a good sample of only partially contaminated light mantle in that last Rover sample that Gene accidentally discovered was right under our feet. It\u2019s almost certainly the light-colored material that we\u2019ve been talking about in the walls of the [fresh-looking] craters. And, as a matter of fact, that instant rock sample I took was light-colored and probably represents the same stuff, indurated slightly [by impact].\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThat light-colored mantle has that bluish tint that you saw in those rocks,\u201d Cernan added.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYeah,\u201d I agreed.<\/span> \u201cI still don\u2019t think there\u2019s anything…,\u201d I began, but then had another thought: \u201cWe ought to get a core in this light mantle sometime; and probably Station 3 is going to be the place. I hope that\u2019s still in the agenda.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cRog. It\u2019s still in the agenda,\u201d answered Parker.<\/p>\n

My traverse photographs (AS17-138-21109-42) during this portion of the drive to Station 3 show no significant change in the near absence of boulders on the surface of the light mantle as we approached Hole-in-the-Wall (Fig. 11.61)<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.61.<\/strong> View across the surface of the light mantle avalanche deposit, looking northeast. The photograph shows the near absence of rock fragments or boulders across this surface. The dark line to the left of the center reseau mark is the rim of Shorty Crater that would be the subject of Station 4 activities described in Section 2. Between the center and first reseau marks and beyond Shorty Crater, the raised surface of a debris flow from a pyroclastic feature on the slope of the North Massif is visible. Horizon features, from left to right are the North Massif, Wessex Cleft, and the west end of the Sculptured Hills. (NASA Photo AS17-138-21128).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cSay, Bob, can you update the mileage on Station 3?\u201d requested Cernan.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, you want mileage to it or do you want the range and bearing at it?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWell, range and bearing at it, \u2026because Hole-in-the-Wall is fairly nebulous.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, we\u2019re going to say about 089 (bearing) and 6.1(range) for Station 3.\u201d As suspected, bearing and range had been revised from that in the Cuff Checklist.<\/p>\n

\u201cDo you get the feeling that we\u2019re the only ones out here, Jack?\u201d Cernan may have been joking; however, he seemed to be reacting to the isolation that a field geologist takes as normal. \u201cLooking around\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201c\u2026Do you want to give us another range and bearing right now?\u201d interupted Parker, this time breaking into Cernan\u2019s continuing soliloquy about the appearance and remoteness of the valley of Taurus-Littrow. Without waiting, he added, \u201c073 (bearing), 10.3 (distance), 6.6 (range).\u201d<\/p>\n

Meanwhile, I kept trying to record observations about the light mantle we moved across. \u201cBob, I have a feeling that whatever darkens the\u2026 Ooh, there\u2019s a beautiful little glass-lined crater\u2026pit-bottom crater. \u2026Whatever darkens the light mantle is not a one-time-only mantling of darker material. It\u2019s something that happens over a period of time, continually, because craters of all sizes and apparent degradation are darkened and there are lighter craters that are light to varying degrees. It seems to be a continuum of albedo change.\u201d This summary covers the visual effect of the gradual accumulation of nanophase iron in near surface regolith.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYou know that little crater on the side of the North Massif,\u201d Cernan said, looking to the north, \u201cthat we\u2019re thinking about going to, doesn\u2019t look nearly as light-colored or haloed as it does in (our pre-mission overhead) pictures, does it?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYou mean Hanover? Yeah. \u2026No\u2026\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cNow, let\u2019s see where we are,\u201d Cernan said to himself. \u201cI don\u2019t want to run into that big crater at the foot of the [Hole-in-the-Wall]\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI think you\u2019re almost to the [Scarp] rim,\u201d I warned.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, I want to go down here if I can. My tracks are over there to the left, I haven\u2019t crossed them yet.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201c073, 6.3,\u201d I reported to Mission Control. \u2026LMP\u2019s frame count is 86.<\/p>\n

\u201cBoy, that\u2019s a sight, isn\u2019t it?\u201d I said, rhetorically. The view from the top of the Scarp toward the North Massif, the Sculptured Hills, and the east end of the valley, indeed, could not help but impress. From this vantage point on the Lee-Lincoln Scarp, trending off to our left and right, we had a full panorama of the high massifs bounding a valley of bombarded, gray plains with interspersed low hills and large craters like Camelot, Henry, Cochise, Shakespear, Steno and Powell. In spite of the brilliant sun on their slopes, the spectacular valley walls were set against a blacker than black sky. Even through the glare of sunlight on our visors, this unique lunar landscape would be embedded in our memories forever.<\/p>\n

\u201cThat\u2019s spectacular,\u201d agreed the driver.<\/p>\n

\u201cI don\u2019t know why something that\u2019s all approximately the same hue should [show so much definition]\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201c<\/strong>The lack of color has got to contribute to the inability to judge distance,\u201d Cernan stated.<\/p>\n

\u201cSee the lobes coming out,\u201d I stated, \u201c[that is,] lobes coming out from the Scarp. The [southern portion of the] Scarp, rather than being a line in there on the plain, appears to be lobes. I got a couple of shots of that. Whereas, when it gets up on the [North] Massif, it\u2019s a fairly continuous curve; although it does appear to be younger [than the Massif slope]; at least there\u2019s less relief on [top of] it for the first few kilometers of that bend there [on the North Massif].\u201d<\/span> Traverse photographs (AS17-138-21114-18 and AS17-137-20980) taken as we entered the roughly north-south trending vale of Hole-in-the-Wall give a good impression of the lobes that make up the Lee-Lincoln Scarp; that is, the scarp is not a linear feature except on the side of the North Massif. Also, photograph -21114 shows the strong, nearly horizontal broad lineaments on the northwest flank of the Sculptured Hills that may reflect thick layering in those Hills as discussed in connection with Station 8 in Chapter 12.<\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.62.<\/strong> One of the traverse photos showing a very noticeable eastward projecting lobe of the scarp crossing the valley (just above the TV camera) as well as a series of horizontal lineaments across the northwestern flank of the Sculptured Hills (also above the TV camera) intersecting a series of diagonal lineaments running down-slope. (NASA photo AS17-138-21114).<\/span><\/p>\n

[Recent analysis of orbital photographs taken by Evans, stimulated by the much higher resolution images from cameras aboard the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, have improved understanding of the Lee-Lincoln Scarp. The physiographic appearance of the Scarp clearly is consistent with it being the surface expression of a low-angle thrust fault that post-dated both the formation of the valley and its partial filling by basalt. The lobes of the fault we referred to appear to be the collapsed hanging wall of the fault, now covered by light mantle avalanche material. Many other relatively young scarps and wrinkle ridges around the Moon have formed as thrust faults , and may still be forming, as a consequence of the gradual thermal contraction of the Moon.<\/span>[49<\/span><\/strong>]<\/a><\/sup> The geology of the Lee-Lincoln Scarp is discussed in detail in Chapter 13.]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWe\u2019re going to have to go down [the Scarp] like the way we came [up],\u201d observed Cernan, \u201cbecause there\u2019s that big crater down at the bottom, I\u2019m afraid.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, I think we agree with that suggestion, too,\u201d added Parker, having no idea what we were seeing.<\/p>\n

\u201cBob, the so-called Scarp impresses me as less of a scarp than a series of lobes which roughly have a north-south trend,\u201d I noted. \u201cAnd we\u2019ve been driving over various hummocks within those lobes.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cI think we made a gross mistake in not trying to let them get TV,\u201d Cernan again commented. \u201cMy heading hasn\u2019t changed much at all here. They would have had a spectacular view. Look at it out in that valley, Jack.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah.\u201d This would have been a good idea for the stops; however, the picture would have been very bouncy, otherwise.<\/p>\n

\u201cGood lord!\u201d exclaimed Cernan. \u201cI still don\u2019t know where the LM is. \u2026I see it, I think. The shadow, \u2026[maybe] a blob. It\u2019s the only sharp shadow out there right in the [Sun], \u2026because you sure can\u2019t make out the craters [near the Challenger<\/em>] from here, can you? Okay, hold on. Over the hill and down the dale. \u2026Man, I tell you, this machine is fantastic.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah. Watch it,\u201d I warned with a laugh as our speed picked up to close to 18 km\/hr.<\/p>\n

\u201cQuite a machine.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cLikes to spin when you turn going downhill,\u201d I warned him, again.<\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.63.<\/strong> One of the series of traverse photos I took on the way to Station 3 showing a boulder free landscape over which we are driving. Note the multiple en echelon<\/em> scarp lobes just above the left portion of the middle line of reseau marks, and the linear continuation of the scarp on the North Massif. The nearest lobe is partially blocked by the high gain antenna and its pointing handle. (NASA photo AS17-138-21119).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cQuite a machine\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI think you\u2019ve got something right ahead of you,\u201d I alerted Cernan.<\/p>\n

\u201cI got it.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cSee the instant rock [around that crater]?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI got it,\u201d insisted Cernan. \u201cThere\u2019s that crater [at the bottom of Hole-in-the-Wall]. It doesn\u2019t look nearly as bad from here, but it sure is deep when you get up there. I\u2019ll meander around and over this next little lobe then I\u2019ll head down that next one\u2014 the first lobe we came up\u2014 and then along it.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, there\u2019s Lara, and I think we can see Station [3]. \u2026Watch it, watch it, watch it!\u201d Cernan had turned too sharply for our speed and the rear end of the Rover slid hard to the right.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, I\u2019m going through it slow.\u201d About time, I thought.<\/p>\n

\u201cBeautiful,\u201d I said with a nervous laugh. \u201cI figured we\u2019d buckle the LCRU with that one.\u201d The LCRU hung in the front bumper area of the Rover and might be stressed if we pitched down and up too rapidly.<\/p>\n

\u201cI bet they can watch this road [by watching heart rate],\u201d Cernan allowed. \u201cMy heart rate just dictates the kind of terrain we\u2019re going over.\u201d Actually, both our pulses were consistently in the 80 beats per minute range during this drive.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay\u2026Houston,\u201d I called after about ten seconds of silence, \u201cwe\u2019re navigating and not talking. Sorry. But the light mantle is a uniform surface and I think you\u2019ve heard just about everything we have to say so far.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cRoger. Your comm\u2019s great and you guys are doing [great].\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cThe fragment population hasn\u2019t changed, nor has the crater population, as near as I can tell. I hope the LRV photos will give you more details than that\u2026\u201d<\/span> Traverse photographs AS17-138-21119-30 (Fig. 11.64<\/strong>) cover the entry to and descent in Hole-in-the-Wall. Again, the photographs show no variation in the surface characteristics of the light mantle that covers the Scarp.<\/span> One indication of the young age of the light mantle surface, however, is the indication that the saturation crater size probably is only a few centimeters. The last several pictures in this sequence include views in the far-distance of Shorty Crater (Station 4) and its smaller companion dark crater to the west.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, Gene, do you have the target over there, that set of [small craters]\u2026?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, I got to get over to this next knoll and I\u2019m going to be off the Scarp. We\u2019re about three-quarters of the way down. (Pause) Isn\u2019t that sharp shadow out there the LM? See it way out there? Almost under the Sun. It\u2019s got to be. It\u2019s the only sharp shadow out there. Right under the Sun, straight down there.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.64.<\/strong> Racing down the Hole-In-the-Wall ramp at 18 kph. Again note the relatively boulder-free landscape of the light mantle and the large lobes of the scarp directly ahead of the Rover. The ramp parallels the lobes, and slopes down from right to left. Shorty Crater, Station 4, can be seen in the darker mantle between the right-most reseau marks on the North Massif. (NASA photo AS17-138-21125).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cProbably.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, I\u2019m going to try to make it down this (pitch). Hold on!\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201c[I\u2019m holding]\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cThis is the one (lobe) we climbed up,\u201d Cernan declared.<\/p>\n

\u201cOh, there\u2019s Nemo [Crater] over there to my right,\u201d I noted.<\/p>\n

\u201cYes, sir, this is the one we climbed up. Would you believe that?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWell, I don\u2019t know.\u201d I wanted to see our earlier tracks before agreeing.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, I would.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cThe problem is any crater on the side [of the slope]\u2026\u201d I probably had begun to suggest that craters on slopes would age more rapidly that elsewhere due to the down-slope movement of regolith in response to small impacts.<\/p>\n

\u201cI think you\u2019re all right,\u201d I agreed as he moved along the side of the lobe.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe\u2019re all right. I don\u2019t know, that\u2019s got\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cKeep your speed down because if you have to turn, it doesn\u2019t like it (speedy turn) on a downhill slope,\u201d I advised.<\/p>\n

\u201cMan, that\u2019s got to be [the limit in pitch]. \u2026[The] pitch-angle [indicator]\u2019s pegged, and I don\u2019t know what that means. \u2026Okay! Right off the Scarp!\u201d Cernan said with some relief in his voice.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe\u2019re off the Scarp,\u201d I repeated.<\/p>\n

\u201cYou guys cut each other out, but I take it that means you\u2019re at the edge of the Scarp,\u201d acknowledged Parker<\/p>\n

\u201cWe\u2019re off!\u201d I assured him.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe\u2019re off! We came down!\u201d Cernan seemed to have been concerned about his own driving.<\/p>\n

\u201cHey, will you look at the hill we came down!\u201d exclaimed Cernan. \u201c[Is that the] same one we went up?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019d rather not [look].\u201d Not driving meant that I had less feeling for what the Rover could do than I would have liked. Worry about my comander\u2019s tendency to make rash decisions also was on my mind during the rush down the scarp.<\/p>\n

\u201cOh, I don\u2019t know, I\u2019m impressed. \u2026Okay, now where we got to go? [I\u2019m headed] 345 (degrees NNW), roughly. And we want to go to 087\/6.1 (bearing and range)\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. You\u2019re\u2026 I think you\u2019re headed right\u2026right for where we want,\u201d I said, consulting our map. Due to the Sun being partially behind us and its zero phase-angle lying just to our left, traverse photographs for the remainder of our drive to Station 3 (AS17-138-21131-42) do not give much detail about the surface except there is no apparent change in boulder frequency or surface texture. One picture (AS17-138-21136) (Fig. 11.65<\/strong>) includes Rover tracks from the outbound traverse.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"Fig. 11.65.<\/strong> An enlargement showing our outbound tracks running across the frame to the right of and above the TV camera. (From NASA photo AS17-138-21136).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYep.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cSee that bright crater?\u201d I ask him, pointing off to the left of our course. \u201cYou can just start to see Station 3 over there now.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, navigation says I\u2019ve got more than 90 degrees (heading from the bearing to the SEP), \u2026[so] I should be increasing range.\u201d \u201cBob, we\u2019re at 079 (bearing), 11.5 (distance), and 5.7 (range).\u201d A heading to the SEP would have been 79 degrees. As a pilot would do, Cernan has headed so that both bearing and range are increasing toward the assumed numbers for Station 3, while I am just trying to get him to just head directly for the spot we picked out earlier.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, beautiful, guys. Really going smooth.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cAnd I\u2019m headed northwest.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cRoger. In fact, we understand it\u2019s been going so smooth down here that they haven\u2019t even spilled any coffee in the SPAN room yet this mission.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cThorson must not be on duty,\u201d I replied. (SPAN stood for \u201cSPacecraft ANalysis\u201d).<\/p>\n

[I spent a lot of time during other missions in the SPAN room, helping with various trouble-shooting tasks. Once, during an Apollo 16 quiet period, I came in and walked behind the row of SPAN consoles that had relatively loose pegboards across the top in front of which coffee cups had been placed. The pegboards had notes on them with various operational documents in front. As I talked to a seated Mel Brooks over his console, someone bumped me from behind, causing me to hit a pegboard, spilling coffee cups down into Brooks\u2019 console. A display of sparks showed that this was not good. Brooks cut power to the console, and I lifted the back of the console to check for damage. In doing so, I started a chain reaction to left and right of falling boards, documents, more coffee into other consoles, and people scrambling to get out of the way of hot coffee. SPAN took a while to get back on line.[50<\/span><\/strong>]<\/a><\/sup> Dick Thorson\u2019s console (Dick normally would have been in the MOCR, but was between shifts.) was one of those that sustained significant damage. Obviously, I will never live that episode down. 50 years later my Flight Control friends still rib me about it.]<\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019m glad we don\u2019t have any [coffee] sitting on the LCRU!\u201d Cernan joined in the banter, but I am sure he had no knowledge about the incident to which Parker referred. In fact, Parker could have only known about it second hand.<\/p>\n

Changing the subject, I said, \u201cRight over there is Station 3, I think. Oh, actually, I guess\u2026Hmm. \u2026I guess they would want it [at the toe of a lobe]. \u2026Is there\u2026? \u2026I can just start to see two craters\u2026that are closer to Lara.\u201d Everything that seemed obvious from higher up now looked different from a horizontal perspective.<\/p>\n

\u201cYou know what the problem is?\u201d Cernan complained. \u201cI got a full planar view of the high-gain, and I can\u2019t see a thing out there.<\/p>\n

\u201cThat\u2019s right,\u201d I sympathized.<\/p>\n

\u201cFull planar view. All I can do is see underneath it. \u2026Gonna take it (a crater) broadside. See, I can\u2019t see a lot of craters now that they\u2019re out in front [with the Sun behind us]. Oh, I guess I can see them, most[ly]. Here\u2019s a nice sharp little hole; look at that.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYep\u2026Bob, the texture of the light mantle \u2013<\/strong> surface texture \u2013<\/strong> is really no different on the Scarp, on its flank, or out here to the east of the Scarp. Fragment population, crater population, everything looks about the same. If there is such a thing as a light mantle, it seems to be uniform across the Scarp.<\/span> \u2026There are your tracks. Hey! We crossed somebody\u2019s tracks!” (See Fig. 11.65\u2191<\/strong><\/span><\/a>).<\/p>\n

\u201cWe sure did. We just made a loop.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cHope they look like yours,\u201d Parker joked.<\/p>\n

\u201cThat was at 081 (bearing)\/5.7 (range),\u201d I reported. This should have given Mission Control some help on their plotting of our path to and from Station 2.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, copy 081\/5.7. Do they look like your tracks?\u201d Parker could not give up on his joke.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWell, here\u2019s another set,\u201d I observed.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, this is where we went to the big crater,\u201d Cernan recalled, \u201cand I came southeast in order to get around it, remember? We saw that hole?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah.\u201d It was very intriguing to come across Rover tracks we had made a couple of hours earlier.<\/p>\n

\u201cLook at that big turn I made. Ha ha!\u201d laughed Cernan. \u201cThat was a quick change of mind when we came over that ridge [and saw what was in front of us].\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYes, sir.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, we\u2019re still headed northwest, Bob,\u201d reported Cernan.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, Bob, I guess one thing we don\u2019t have a handle on yet is \u2013<\/strong> [and] I think we sampled them once in a Rover sample \u2013<\/strong> what are the fragments out here [that are] mixed with the light mantle? \u2026I think I got one [of these fragments] at our last gravimeter stop, a small one, and I guess there\u2019s one other Rover sample, but, at Station 3, we probably ought to make sure we get a representative suite of those fragments.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

[Post-mission examination of the fragment samples collected earlier indicate that most of the fragments are regolith breccias (instant rock) produced by impacts into the light mantle. Actual rock fragments I would gather at Station 3 were at the rim of a crater and probably had originally resided at depth within the light mantle.]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cRoger. Agree to that,\u201d It is not clear how much coordination, if any. Parker did with the Science Back Room to make these calls.<\/p>\n

\u201cHey, Bob, how long have we been out?\u201d Cernan asks.<\/p>\n

\u201cThree [hours] plus four five [minutes].\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cThank you. We\u2019re at 083\/5.7.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWell, it (the valley) certainly doesn\u2019t look like the geology of Norway,\u201d I said, with some geological facetiousness, \u201cbut it certainly is interesting.\u201d The glacial valleys of Norway are \u201cU\u201d shaped, in general, as compared with the truncated \u201cV\u201d shape of the radially faulted valley of Taurus-Littrow. And, of course, there is no relatively uniform cover of regolith in Norway, although there are patches of glacial till and shoreline soil deposits, nor are small farms nestled at the base of the valley walls on the Moon.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThat must be Lara right there, huh?\u201d Cernan wondered. Station 3 would lie about 100 m down from the east rim of Lara.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOn the left. \u2026You can see the blocks on the other side of her.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cThat\u2019s right,\u201d I agreed. \u201cI told them about those earlier. That\u2019s the only\u2026 I think, Gene, you want to bear a little bit\u2026a little bit to the left. See those two craters, two bright craters, that are just this side of Lara?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cNo\u2026 well\u2026 I\u2019m not [sure]\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYou\u2019re pointed right\u2026almost right at them, now.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, I can barely see them now through that high-gain\u2026 But I can see [enough]. \u2026I know where we\u2019re going now.\u201d Cernan was not about to have me drive the Rover from the right seat with my clear view. That is what he should have done.<\/p>\n

\u201cThose are the two [craters] I think they wanted us to be at,\u201d I said, \u201cand I think that\u2019s a good choice\u2014 if we can get up there.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cAh. I want to get some 500s [of] the way that scarp flows up on top of\u2026 Well, it looks like it flows up on top of the North Massif. Now it may look like the North Massif may drape material down upon it. Look at that.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWell\u2026not really,\u201d I disagreed. \u201cThe texture [on the down hill slope of the Scarp] is so different. It just doesn\u2019t look like as old a surface [as the slope of the North Massif].\u201d This observation jibes with my recent identification of \u201cstirred not shaken terrain\u201d<\/span> [51<\/span><\/strong>]<\/a><\/sup> surrounding the Scarp on the valley floor (see Chapter 13).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cBut definitely different.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah. \u2026Wish they had never said anything about [limiting] pictures, because I\u2019ve tended to not take enough [in order] to do better.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, but Jack,\u201d Parker said, \u201cyou\u2019re doing quite well in the picture department. \u2026You\u2019re not getting too far behind or ahead [of budget].<\/p>\n

\u201c085\/5.8,\u201d reported Cernan.<\/p>\n

\u201cNo, but I mean I\u2019m not sure I\u2019m getting the [photo] coverage I should.\u201d These photographs are an augmentation of the verbal notes I took about the terrain we covered.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay. We\u2019ll look at the frame counts when you get to Station 3.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOop, oop!\u201d I exclaimed as Cernan went through a couple of small craters without slowing. \u201cOh, there\u2019s another big crater with a pit in it.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWhat was it, 17-1\/2 or 18 clicks (km\/hr) we hit coming down the Scarp, Jack?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI don\u2019t\u2026\u201d I began and then realized what he intended. Cernan wanted the lunar Rover speed record on record. Rather than contradict, I said, \u201cI\u2019m in MIN cooling now.\u201d Actually, we did go well over the 11 km\/hr max speed that we had previously recorded.<\/p>\n

\u201cOh, look at that. Wait until you get over here and look at that South Massif.\u201d Cernan was maneuvering to find Station 3.<\/p>\n

\u201cIs that [where you are stopping?]\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWell, I don\u2019t know where we\u2019re going to get a good [spot],\u201d he replied.<\/p>\n

\u201cWell, let\u2019s see,\u201d I said, looking around. \u201cYou know, that big block up there [on Lara Crater\u2019s flank] might be worth going to.\u201d This block would have been too large to have been covered by the light mantle avalanche; however, it probably would be a block of mare basalt and not as important as getting samples of rocks in the light mantle that would give a more statistical sample of the South Massif. I am glad that this suggestion was ignored.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201c087 (bearing) at 5.9 (range). I think that\u2019s the best station we\u2019ve got right here. \u2026Let\u2019s see what\u2019s over on your right. Let\u2019s see if we can get at that Scarp over there.<\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019ve sort of lost track [of the two bright craters].\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWe\u2019re about there,\u201d Cernan concluded.<\/p>\n

\u201cI think we expected you guys to be a little bit farther north [along the Scarp],\u201d inserted Parker.<\/p>\n

\u201cI think we want to be more to the left.\u201d Why Cernan did not go to the planned 089 and 6.1 spot is not clear.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe were guessing a heading of 080 for [getting to] the bearing,\u201d Parker tried to explain, \u201cwhich really kind of says you were going a bit farther north than this.\u201d For some reason, Parker has confused the bearings to the canceled Rover sample stop (080) and Station 3 (089). At this point we actually are almost at the planned location of Station 3.<\/p>\n

\u201cWell, there\u2019s that fresh crater, there, Jack.\u201d Then Cernan realizes that Parker has said something confusing. \u201c080?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cRoger,\u201d persists Parker. \u201c080 is where we think\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cAll of a sudden I\u2019ve lost track,\u201d I admit, thanks to Parker\u2019s confusing direction.<\/p>\n

\u201cStandby.\u201d Somebody in the MOCR has gotten Parker\u2019s attention and pointed out his mistake.<\/p>\n

\u201cThere\u2019s nothing wrong with that except that\u2026I think we ought to go back to that big block.\u201d No one seems to have picked up on my recommendation.<\/p>\n

\u201cHeading 080 is [behind us],\u201d Cernan correctly asserted. \u2026Heading north (he means south) is not going to [get us to Station 3].\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cRoger. I just realized that, Geno,\u201d admitted Parker.<\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019m 087 now!\u201d emphasized Cernan, becoming a little irritated.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, I realize that, Gene; my mistake. Somebody\u2019s got a wrong thing down here. \u2026That\u2019s the Hole-in-the-Wall [stop]. My mistake.<\/p>\n

\u201cI think we need to go back there a little bit,\u201d I said, still trying to get close to the big block near Lara.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeah, we\u2019re at 087\/6.0,\u201d Cernan read. \u201cI think that\u2019s probably [close]. Let me get up on the top [of this rise], here.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOkay, Seventeen, that\u2019s a great stop. That was my mistake, I was reading the Hole-in-the-Wall coordinate.\u201d<\/p>\n

(Continue to Section 2, Station 3 – Ballet Crater<\/strong><\/span><\/a>\u2192)<\/p>\n

<\/a>ENDNOTES<\/strong>:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \n
      \n
    1. \n

      In this chapter, all color-balanced Apollo 17 orange soil and Apollo 15 green soil photographs at Shorty and Spur Craters, respectively, are products of the Tranquillity Enterprises, s.p. photo lab. They were produced under my direction from the unprocessed NASA Johnson Space Center digital scans of the prime Ektachrome SO-368 film provided by Kipp Teague in his Project Apollo Archive<\/em><\/a><\/span>. The following information was provided by the photo lab:<\/p>\n

      \u201cEach image was contrast balanced by histogram analysis, then split into three color channels. Together with feather masks of specific areas, the dominance of the channels was varied to bring out colors already present in the soils until the color distributions matched both Schmitt\u2019s in situ <\/em>observations and his later visual inspection of the prime film with a 10\u00d7 optician\u2019s loupe in Houston. The photo AS17-137-20990 served as the principal model because it had the smallest phase angle; hence, had the fewest shadows and gave the brightest colors. No specific colors were added during the processing. The other orange soil photos had larger phase angles with more rock shadows. This shadowing, which increasingly dominated the reflected color rays in those scans, especially in the close-ups of the trench areas in -20987, -20988, and -20989, was compensated for by micromapping their locations. Similar variations were less pronounced in the green soil photos of Apollo 15 because they were all taken with essentially the same large phase angle. The green soil color intensity was matched to that of the contrast-balanced green color chip of the gnomon.<\/p>\n

      \u201cSoftware programs used in the production were Adobe Lightroom<\/em>\u2122, Adobe Photoshop<\/em>\u2122, and Corel Photo-Paint<\/em>\u2122. Since these images are derivative works, they have been registered with the U.S. Copyright Office<\/em>, registration no. VAu 1-341-778 (Oct. 3, 2018).<\/p>\n

      \u201cFair use of the images in printed scientific and\/or other non-profit web articles, blogs or electronic documents is permitted provided the photos carry a caption which includes: (Copyright \u00a9 2018 by Tranquillity Enterprises, s.p. Courtesy of Tranquillity Enterprises, s.p.). However, use in for-profit or fee-paid publications of any kind is restricted and permission to use must be requested from Tranquillity Enterprises, s.p., 445 Fairway Dr., Abingdon, VA 24211 USA.<\/strong> All 31 green and orange soil color-corrected images can be downloaded as a ~108 Mb zip file by clicking here<\/em><\/span><\/a>.\u201d\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    2. \n

      In the quoted dialog and annotations directly related to the Apollo 17 Mission, black = normal mission activity and commentary; red<\/span> = anomaly discussions; blue<\/span> = Earth observations, brown<\/span> = Lunar Module Challenger<\/em> discussions; green<\/span> = Public Affairs Office transcripts or news updates from Mission Control; purple<\/span> = lunar observations; italics<\/em> = onboard recorder transcripts (Data Storage Equipment or Command Module DSE and Data Storage Electronics Assembly or Lunar Module DSEA); and tourquois<\/span> = probable dialog derived from the author\u2019s memory, checklist requirements, or logical inferences.<\/p>\n

      In addition, parentheses (-) in the text are used to clarify the meaning of a preceding word or phrase. The use of text inside brackets [-] provides completion of an unspoken transcript thought. Brackets [-] enclosing letters or words quoted from a checklist complete abbreviated words to clarify what the word in question means. Also, double-indented paragraphs that set off explanatory details are enclosed in brackets.<\/p>\n

      The CMC (Command Module Computer) commands are referred to oc-casionally in text as Pxx (Program i.d. number), Nounxx (data specification), or Verbxx (action number) to be carried out by the CMC when entered by hand. \u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    3. \n

      One purpose of this book lies in the integration of field observations with post-mission examination and analysis of the returned samples. In this effort, the author has drawn heavily on the extraordinary compilation work of the Lunar Field Geological Experiment team (Wolfe, E. W., et al., 1981. The Geologic Investigation of the Taurus-Littrow Valley: Apollo 17 Landing Site<\/em>, Geological Survey Provessional Paper 1080, US Government Printing Office, 279 p.) as well as that of the Lunar Receiving Laboratory (Meyer, C., 2008. Lunar Sample Compendium<\/em><\/a><\/span>) and the Lunar Sourcebook (Heiken, G. H., et al., 1991. Lunar Sourcebook: A users guideto the moon<\/em>, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 736 p).<\/p>\n

      Some additional data has been found in the Catalog of Apollo 17 Rocks<\/em> (Joint effort by G. Ryder, C. Neal, and L. A. Taylor, 1993.) Specifically for Apollo 17 regolith samples, the work of Korotev and Kremser (Korotev, R. L., and D. Kremser, 1992. Compositional variations in Apollo 17 soils and their relationships to the geology of the Taurus-Littrow site, Lunar Planetetary Science Conference 22<\/em>, pp. 275-301) also has been used extensively. For the reader interested in details about specific samples, these references key information to the official sample numbers given in the text of this book.<\/p>\n

      Some sample data may not have been included in these four compilations. In that case, specific references to the relevant literature are given. Also, Original Rb-Sr age determinations made prior to 1985 have been reduced by factor of 0.979 due to a subsequent change in accepted time constant for 87<\/sup>Rb decay (See Heiken, et al., 1991. Lunar Sourcebook,<\/em> Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Table 6.9, p. 229). Similarly, 39-40<\/sup>Ar ages determined prior to 2008 have been increased by a factor of 1.0065 (See Kuper, K. F. et al., 2008. Synchronizing rock clocks and Earth history, Science<\/em>, 320<\/strong>, pp. 500-504).<\/p>\n

      It should be noted that, before the advent of laser microprobe enhanced targeting of very small portions of samples, isotopic ages of impact melt-breccias risked including isotopic contributions from clasts of significantly older ages than the crystallized melt. (See Mercer, C. M., Young, K. E., Weirich, J. R., Hodges, K. V., Jolliff, B. L., Wartho, J.-A., and van Soest, M. C., 2015. Refining lunar impact chronology through high spatial resolution 40Ar\/39Ar dating of impact melts. Sci. Adv. 1 (e1400050), DOI.10.1126\/sciadv.1400050.) Earlier, less precise age determinations, therefore, probably are biased, toward older ages. \u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    4. \n

      See Jones, E., Apollo Lunar Surface Journal<\/em>, Apollo 17, EVA-2 Wake-up<\/a><\/span>, GET 137:30:56, annotations, et seq<\/em>. \u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    5. \n

      Green, R. O., Pieters, C., Mouroulis, P. et al.<\/em>, 2011. The Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) imaging spectrometer for lunar science: Instrument description, calibration, on-orbit measurements, science data calibration and on-orbit validation. Journal of Geophysical Research<\/em>, 116,<\/strong> DOI:10.1029\/2011JE00G19. \u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    6. \n

      Pike, R. J., 1974, Depth\/diameter relations of fresh lunar craters: Revision from spacecraft data, Geophysical Research Letters<\/em>, 1<\/strong>, p. 291-294. \u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    7. \n

      Croft, S. K., 1980, Cratering flow fields – Implications for the excavation and transient expansion stages of crater formation, Lunar and Planetary Science Conference<\/em> 11<\/strong>, p. 2347-2378. \u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    8. \n

      Schmitt, H. H., Petro, N., Wells, R. A., Robinson, M. S., Weiss, B. P., Mercer, C. M., Revisiting the field geology of Taurus\u2013Littrow, 2017. Icarus<\/em>, 298<\/strong>, 2-33. \u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    9. \n

      Stenonis, N., 1669, Nicolai Stenonis solido intra solidium naturaliter contento dissertationis prodromus, Florentiae: ex topographica sub signo Stellae, an English version by J. G. Winter, The Prodromus To A Dissertation Concerning Solids Naturally Contained Within Solids<\/em>, Macmillan, New York. \u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    10. \n

      Talkbacks are small, square visual indicators that show either barber pole or gray depending on the status of certain critical mechanisms, e.g., valves and latches. Position sensors on the mechanisms are tied to the talkbacks by independent electrical circuits. If the window shows yellow diagonal stripes (barber pole), then the condition indicates an abnormal or temporary status. If the window shows a solid gray appearance, then the condition of the mechanism is normal or as commanded. \u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    11. \n

      Schaeffer, O. A., and Schaeffer, G. A. 1977, Laser 39-40<\/sup>Ar Ages of Lunar Rocks, Lunar Science Conference<\/em> 8<\/strong>, Abstract 1269. \u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    12. \n

      Is\/FeO maturity indexes are a measure of the ratio of nanophase free iron to the FeO content of a lunar regolith sample (Moris, R. V., 1978, The surface exposure (maturity) of lunar soils: Some concepts and Is\/FeO compilation, Lunar Science Conference<\/em> 9<\/strong>, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta<\/em>, Supplement 10, p. 2287-2297). Maturity indexes also can be found in Meyer, C., 2012, Lunar Sample Compendium<\/em><\/a><\/span> and in Heiken, G. H., et al., 1991, Lunar Sourcebook: A users guide to the moon<\/em>, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 320. For generalized comparison of different soils, the author has defined the following breakdown in maturity indexes:Relative Maturity Is\/FeO Maturity Index<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      Low<\/td>\n0-20<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Low-intermediate<\/td>\n21-40<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Intermediate<\/td>\n41-60<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Intermediate-high<\/td>\n61-80<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      High<\/td>\n81-100<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

      \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n

    13. \n

      Wilhelms, D. E., 1987, The Geologic History of the Moon, United States Geological Survey Professional Paper<\/em> 1348, p. 129. \u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    14. \n

      Howard, K. A., and Larsen, B. R., 1972, Orbital-science investigation: Part G: lineaments that are artifacts of lighting, in Apollo 15 Preliminary Science Report<\/em>, NASA SP-289, pp. 25-58 to 25-62. \u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    15. \n

      Simmons, G., et al., 1973, Surface Electrical Properties Experiment, in Apollo 17 Preliminary Science Report<\/em>, NASA SP-330, p. 15-13. \u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    16. \n

      Graf, J. C., 1993, Lunar Grain Size Analysis \u2013 Apollo 17, NASA Ref. Pub. 1265, March 1993. \u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    17. \n

      Speyerer, E. J., Povilaitis, R. Z., Robinson, M. S., Thomas, P, C. and Wagner, R. V., 2016. Quantifying crater production and regolith overturn on the Moon with temporal imaging. Nature<\/em> 538<\/strong>, 215-218. \u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    18. \n

      Robinson, M. S., personal communication. \u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    19. \n

      Schmitt, H. H., Petro, N., Wells, R. A., Robinson, M. S., Weiss, B. P., Mercer, C. M., Revisiting the field geology of Taurus\u2013Littrow, 2017. Icarus<\/em>, 298<\/strong>, 2-33. \u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    20. \n

      Schmitt, H. H., and Robinson, M. S., 2010. Geology of the Apollo 17 Taurus-Littrow site in light of LRO imagery. GSA Annual Meeting (abst.) \u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    21. \n

      Basu, A., Des Marais, D., Hayes, J. M. and Meinshein, W. G., 1975, Integrated investigation of the mixed origin of lunar sample 72161, The Moon<\/em>, 14<\/strong>, 129-138. \u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    22. \n

      Phipotts, J. A., S. Schumann, C. W. Kouns, R. K. L. Lum, and S. Winzer, 1974, Lunar Science Conference<\/em> 5<\/strong>, pp. 1255-1267; Miller, M. D., R. A. Pacer, M.-S. Ma, B. R. Hawke, G. L. Lookhart, and W. D. Ehman, 1974, Lunar Science Conference<\/em> 5<\/strong>, pp. 1079-1086; Basu, A., D. Des Marais, J. M. Hayes, and W. G. Meinshein, 1975, Integrated investigation of the mixed origin of lunar sample 72161, The Moon<\/em>, 14<\/strong>, pp. 129-138. \u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    23. \n

      Heiken, G., Vaniman, D. and French, B. M Lunar Source Book<\/em>. Cambridge Univ. Press, New York. 354-356, 436-449. \u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    24. \n

      Graf, J. C., 1993, Lunar Grain Size Analysis \u2013 Apollo 17, NASA Ref. Pub. 1265, March 1993 \u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    25. \n

      Schmitt, H. H., 2003, Apollo 17 and the Moon, in H. Mark, editor, Encyclopedia of Space and Space Technology<\/em>, Wiley, New York, Chapter 1, p. 62; Walters, T. R., et al., 2010, Evidence of Recent Thrust Faulting on the Moon Revealed by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera, Science<\/em>, 329<\/strong>, 936-940. \u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    26. \n

      Schmitt, H. H., and Robinson, M. 2010, Geology of the Apollo 17 Taurus-Littrow site in light of LRO imagery, Geological Society of America<\/em>, Annual Meeting, November 1, Denver CO. \u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    27. \n

      Lucchitta, B. K., 1977, Crater clusters and light mantle at the Apollo 17 site \u2013 A result of secondary impact from Tycho, Icarus<\/em>, 30<\/strong>, 80-96. \u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    28. \n

      Schmitt, H. H., Petro, N., Wells, R. A., Robinson, M. S., Weiss, B. P., Mercer, C. M., Revisiting the field geology of Taurus\u2013Littrow, 2017. Icarus, 298, 2-33. \u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    29. \n

      Wolfe, E. W., et al., 1981, The Geologic Investigation of the Taurus-Littrow Valley: Apollo 17 Landing Site, USGS Professional Pape<\/em>r 1080, Fig. 72, 55. \u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    30. \n

      The Surface Electrical Properties (SEP) experiment consisted of a transmitter and an antenna placed ca. 175 m east of the LM (where the LRV navigation unit was calibrated at the start of EVA-2) and a receiver and antenna mounted on the LRV. At the various Stations (stops) a signal transmitted through the regolith to the receiver measured the electrical properties of the regolith between the two units. \u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    31. \n

      The Apollo Hasselblad film magazines were identified by letters of the alphabet on small attached labels (Mag. A, Mag. B, etc.). In voice communications, the standard Military (later NATO) phonetic alphabet is used for these letters (Alfa, Bravo, Charlie, Delta, etc.). They were later assigned a numerical number. Magazine I (India) was also Mag. 138. These numbers are used in the photo i.d.\u2019s, e.g., AS17-138-21029. However, I had a tendency to deviate from the standard phonetic alphabet and use ladies\u2019 names instead. \u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    32. \n

      Consortium Indomitable, 1973, The Moon<\/em>, 14<\/strong>. \u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    33. \n

      Heiken, G., Vaniman, D. and French, B. M Lunar Source Book<\/em>. Cambridge Univ. Press, New York. 225-228. \u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    34. \n

      Borg, L. E., A. M. Gaffney, and C. K. Shearer, 2015. A review of lunar chronology revealing a preponderance of 4.34\u20134.37 Ga ages, Meteor. and Planet. Sci.<\/em>, 50<\/strong>, 715-32; Schmitt, H. H., 2016. A continental-scale Procellarum impact\u2019s potential relevance to many unresolved issues of lunar and terrestrial history. Annual Meeting, Geological Society of America, (abstract). \u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    35. \n

      Wolfe, E. W., et al., 1981, The Geologic Investigation of the Taurus-Littrow Valley: Apollo 17 Landing Site, USGS Professional Paper<\/em> 1080, 57. \u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    36. \n

      Wells, R. A., Petro, N. E, and Schmitt H. H., 2019. Red\/Orange Volcanic Ash Deposits on the Lunar Surface Documented in Color-Balanced Apollo 17 Hasselblad Surface and Orbital Photographs Compared with Apollo Panoramic, Metric Mapping, and Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Photos. J. Geophys. Res. \u2013 Planets<\/em>, (revision submitted, Aug. 2019). Details of the color-balancing process are given in the Supplemental Information<\/em> file of this paper. \u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    37. \n

      Allton, Judith Haley, Catalog of Apollo Lunar Surface Geological Sampling Tools and Containers<\/em>, NASA Johnson Space Center Document JSC-23454, March 1989. Available at ALSJ<\/em><\/a><\/span>. \u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    38. \n

      Ryder, G., 1993, Catalog of Apollo 17 Rocks, Volume 1, Stations 2 and 3, (South Massif), NASA-CR-194854, 72315. \u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    39. \n

      Schmitt, H. H. (2016) North Massif regolith at Taurus-Littrow may contain lithic-clastic volcanic debris erupted prior to mare basalt, LEAG Annual Meeting, Abstract.\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    40. \n

      Schmitt H. H. (2016) Symplectites in dunite 72415 and troctolite 76535 indicate mantle overturn beneath lunar near-side.\u00a047th Lunar Planet. Sci. Conference<\/em>. Lunar Planet. Inst., Houston. (Abst. #2339). \u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    41. \n

      Wolfe, E. W., et al., 1981, The Geologic Investigation of the Taurus-Littrow Valley: Apollo 17 Landing Site, USGS Professional Paper <\/em>1080, 77. \u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    42. \n

      Talwani, M. et al., 1973, Traverse Gravimeter Experiment, Apollo 17 Preliminary Science Report<\/em>, NASA SP-330, p. 13-12. \u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    43. \n

      Jones, E. \u201cApollo Lunar Surface Journal,\u201d Apollo 17, EVA-1, -2, -3, ALSJ<\/em><\/a><\/span>. \u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    44. \n

      Taylor, L. A., 1988, Generation of native Fe in lunar soil, in S. W. Johnson and J. P. Wetzel, editors, Engineering, Construction and Operations in Space: Proceedings of Space \u201888<\/em>, American Society of Civil Engineers<\/em>, New York, p. 67-77. \u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    45. \n

      Cernan, E. A., and D. Davis (1999), Last Man on the Moon<\/em>, St. Martins Press, New York, p. 288.\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    46. \n

      Morris, R. V., 1976, Surface exposure indices of lunar soils:, A comparative FMR study, Proceedings of Lunar Science Conference<\/em> 7, 315-335; Taylor, L. A., Pieters, C., Keller, L. P., Morris, R. V., Mckay, D. S., Patchen, A. and Wentworth, S., 2001, The effects of space weathering on Apollo 17 mare soils: Petrographic and chemical characterization. Met. & Planet. Sci.<\/em> 36<\/strong>, 285-299.\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    47. \n

      Schmitt H. H., Petro N. E., Wells R. A, Robinson M. S., Weiss B. P. and Mercer C. M. (2017) Revisiting the field geology of Taurus-Littrow. Icarus<\/em> 298<\/strong>, 2-33. \u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    48. \n

      H\u00f6rz, F. et al., 1991, in Heiken, G. H., Vaniman, D. T., and French, B. M., editors, Lunar Surface Processes<\/em>, Cambridge University Press, p.89 \u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    49. \n

      Watters, T. R. et al., 2010, Evidence of recent thrust faulting on the Moon revealed by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera, Science<\/em>, 3129<\/strong>, 936-940. \u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    50. \n

      Brooks, M., 2003, The famous spilled coffee episode, in Liebergot, S, Apollo EECOM: Journey of a Lifetime,<\/em> Apogee, Burlington, Ontario. \u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    51. \n

      Schmitt, H. H. and Robinson, M. A. 2010, The geology of the Apollo 17 Taurus-Littrow site in light of new high resolution images, Abstract, Geological Society of America<\/em> annual Meeting, Denver, Abstract. \u2191<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

       <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Copyright \u00a9 by Harrison H. Schmitt, 2017, 2018, 2019, All rights reserved.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Chapter 11 It\u2019s Orange! Panorama of Shorty Crater, Station 4, assembled from seven color-balanced frames taken by Gene Cernan on the east end of the south rim. Note the red streak on the interior crater wall at left, the long black ash streak left of center, and the two red splotches and black splotches below … <\/p>\n

      Continue reading “a. Section 1”<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":2399,"menu_order":1,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2804","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/P9bNBl-Je","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.colinmackellar.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2804","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.colinmackellar.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.colinmackellar.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.colinmackellar.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.colinmackellar.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2804"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/www.colinmackellar.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2804\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4009,"href":"https:\/\/www.colinmackellar.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2804\/revisions\/4009"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.colinmackellar.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2399"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.colinmackellar.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2804"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}